School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China.
Science and Technology Branch, Shandong Sport University, Jinan 250102, China.
Sci Total Environ. 2022 Oct 20;844:156919. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156919. Epub 2022 Jun 24.
The process of frost formation has been studied as an important deposition pathway for removing atmospheric pollutants. However, the removal of organic species during frost formation remains unknown. Gas, PM and frost samples were collected in Wangdu, a severely polluted rural site in the North China Plain, during the winter of 2018. The concentrations, distributions, sources, and ecological and health risks of the 16 PAHs in the samples were determined. The 24 h-averaged concentrations of PAHs in the air (gas + PM) reached 719 ng m, indicating that the local atmosphere was heavily contaminated by PAHs in winter. The average concentrations of PAHs in the frost insoluble reached 27.5 μg g, indicating the strong ambient PAHs deposition during the frost process. The distribution patterns of individual PAH species indicated that the PAHs in the gas influenced the frost samples, and the sources of PAHs in frost samples were highly similar to those in PM samples. The calculated lifetime lung cancer risk (LLCR) via inhalation of ambient PAHs was classified as high risks. The average total Benzo(a)pyrene toxic equivalent quotient (TEQ) of PAHs in the frost samples was estimated as 2.50 μg TEQ g, posing a high threat to the ecological environment and health. After the melting of frost, the PAHs are released into the soil. Although the concentrations are diluted, the PAH concentrations could adversely affect the growing vegetation or agricultural activities. The extremely high PAH concentrations and their ecological and health risks require special attention and strict regulation.
霜的形成过程已被研究为去除大气污染物的重要沉积途径。然而，在霜的形成过程中有机物质的去除仍然未知。在 2018 年冬季，在中国北方平原的一个重度污染的农村地区——望都，采集了气体、PM 和霜样本。确定了样本中 16 种多环芳烃的浓度、分布、来源以及生态和健康风险。空气中（气体+PM）的多环芳烃 24 小时平均浓度达到 719ng m，表明当地冬季大气受到多环芳烃的严重污染。不溶性霜中多环芳烃的平均浓度达到 27.5μg g，表明在霜过程中存在强烈的环境多环芳烃沉积。个别多环芳烃种类的分布模式表明，气体中的多环芳烃影响了霜样本，并且霜样本中的多环芳烃来源与 PM 样本高度相似。通过吸入环境多环芳烃计算出的终生肺癌风险（LLCR）被归类为高风险。估计霜样本中多环芳烃的总苯并（a）芘毒性等效系数（TEQ）平均为 2.50μg TEQ g，对生态环境和健康构成高威胁。霜融化后，多环芳烃会释放到土壤中。尽管浓度被稀释，但多环芳烃浓度仍可能对生长中的植被或农业活动产生不利影响。极高的多环芳烃浓度及其生态和健康风险需要特别关注和严格监管。
