Dept. of Forest Engineering, Faculty of Forestry, Artvin Çoruh University, 08100, Artvin, Turkey.
Environ Monit Assess. 2022 Jun 29;194(8):539. doi: 10.1007/s10661-022-10212-7.
Forested landscapes offer high provisioning capacities for many ecosystem services (ES), yet their capabilities may change in time due to multifaceted ES drivers. Therefore, assessing the changes in individual ES is critical for ecosystem-based management. This study analyzes the spatio-temporal changes in ES provided by a forest-dominated protected area in NE, Turkey. To this end, 18 ES were quantified and mapped using the ES matrix approach for 1985 and 2021. Then, the status of the ES and potential drivers of landscape changes were revealed through the assessment of demographic and management structure changes. The results showed that the multiple ES provisioning capacity of the landscape increased by 7% over 35 years. The capacities for "crops" and "livestock" ES decreased for the same period. The most prominent ES were "wild foods," "erosion regulation," and "knowledge systems." Spatially, ES hotspots accumulated in the northern parts and the core zone of the protected area. The most significant changes occurred in the lowlands, mostly composed of degraded forests and coppices as of 1985 after their transformation into productive forests. The spatio-temporal changes in many ES can be attributed to the declaration of the landscape as a protected area in 1994. The removal of anthropogenic pressure and the impact of conservation management can be evaluated as the main drivers for the positive changes in the total ES capacity. Thus, sound policy structures and effective conservation strategies should be further encouraged for increasing protected areas' capacities to provide the large array of ES.
森林景观为许多生态系统服务（ES）提供了高供给能力，但由于多方面的 ES 驱动因素，它们的能力可能会随时间而变化。因此，评估单个 ES 的变化对于基于生态系统的管理至关重要。本研究分析了土耳其东北部一个以森林为主的保护区提供的 ES 的时空变化。为此，使用 ES 矩阵方法对 1985 年和 2021 年的 18 个 ES 进行了量化和制图。然后，通过评估人口统计和管理结构变化，揭示了 ES 的状况和景观变化的潜在驱动因素。结果表明，35 年来，景观的多种 ES 供给能力增加了 7%。同期，“作物”和“牲畜”ES 的供给能力下降。最突出的 ES 是“野生食物”、“侵蚀调节”和“知识系统”。在空间上，ES 热点在保护区的北部和核心区聚集。变化最显著的是低地，主要由退化森林和 1985 年的萌生林组成，在转型为生产力较高的森林后。许多 ES 的时空变化可归因于该景观于 1994 年被宣布为保护区。人为压力的消除和保护管理的影响可以被评估为总 ES 能力积极变化的主要驱动因素。因此，应进一步鼓励健全的政策结构和有效的保护策略，以提高保护区提供各种 ES 的能力。
