Water Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80200, Jeddah, 21598, Saudi Arabia.
Hydrology Department, Desert Research Centre, 1 Mathaf Al-Mataria-Cairo, P. O. Box 11753, Cairo, Egypt.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2022 Nov;29(55):83653-83670. doi: 10.1007/s11356-022-21708-7. Epub 2022 Jun 30.
Groundwater quality in Yalamlam basin, Saudi Arabia, was appraised for drinking, irrigation, livestock and poultry applications by international standards, drinking water quality index (DWQI), irrigation water quality (IWQ) parameters, and irrigation water quality index (IWQI) calculations. Potential non-carcinogenic health risks due to high NO and F water were assessed for various age groups using the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) models. Groundwater samples (n = 40) were analyzed for pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and major and minor constituents. The average total dissolved solids (TDS), EC, and total hardness (TH) in the groundwater are 3478 µS/cm, 1739 mg/l, and 1240 mg/l, respectively. High salinity, TH, NO, and F in this aquifer restrict the usage of groundwater for drinking. DWQI values suggest that only 47.5% of samples are potable. According to USEPA recommendation, 72.5%, 80%, and 100% of samples for NO and 22.5%, 32.5%, and 40% of samples for F surpassed the limit (HQ > 1) for adults, children, and infants, respectively, which creates non-carcinogenic health hazards to the respective age groups. The total hazard index is greater than one in 75%, 87.5%, and 100% of samples computed for adults, children, and infants, respectively. Due to high salinity, 53% of samples are not pertinent for irrigation. USSL classification reveals that groundwater samples in the study site are recommended only for salt-tolerant crops and coarse-textured high permeability soil. In this study, IWQI is reclassified using salinity, which suggests that 68% of samples are moderately suitable for irrigation. Based on EC alone, 83% are desirable for livestock and poultry uses whereas integration of multiple parameters with EC indicates that only 53% are acceptable for all kinds of livestock and poultry uses in the study site. Spatial distribution of major and minor ions, DWQI, HQ, and IWQI imply that groundwater quality is degraded from upstream to downstream. High salinity groundwater in the downstream wells is unsuitable for any application, which needs a proper treatment before use. Spatial maps created for various parameters are useful for identifying the good quality groundwater zone for groundwater development potential for various stakeholders.
沙特阿拉伯 Yalamlam 流域的地下水质量根据国际标准、饮用水质量指数 (DWQI)、灌溉水质量 (IWQ) 参数和灌溉水质量指数 (IWQI) 计算方法进行了评估，以评估其在饮用水、灌溉、牲畜和家禽等方面的适用性。利用美国环境保护署 (USEPA) 模型，评估了不同年龄组人群因高浓度 NO 和 F 水引起的非致癌健康风险。采集了 40 个地下水样本，分析了 pH 值、电导率 (EC) 和主要及次要成分。地下水的平均总溶解固体 (TDS)、EC 和总硬度 (TH) 分别为 3478 μS/cm、1739mg/L 和 1240mg/L。该含水层中高盐度、TH、NO 和 F 限制了地下水的饮用水用途。DWQI 值表明，只有 47.5%的样本可饮用。根据 USEPA 的建议，72.5%、80%和 100%的 NO 样本和 22.5%、32.5%和 40%的 F 样本超过了成人、儿童和婴儿的限值 (HQ>1)，这对相应年龄段的人群造成了非致癌健康危害。计算得出，在 75%、87.5%和 100%的成人、儿童和婴儿样本中，总危害指数大于 1。由于高盐度，53%的样本不适合灌溉。USSL 分类表明，研究区地下水样本仅推荐用于耐盐作物和粗质地高渗透性土壤。本研究中，重新使用盐分对 IWQI 进行了分类，结果表明 68%的样本适合灌溉。仅基于 EC，83%的样本适合牲畜和家禽使用，而将多个参数与 EC 结合使用则表明，在研究区仅 53%的样本适合所有类型的牲畜和家禽使用。主要和次要离子、DWQI、HQ 和 IWQI 的空间分布表明，地下水质量从上游到下游逐渐变差。下游井中高盐度的地下水不适用于任何用途，在使用前需要进行适当的处理。为各种参数创建的空间图有助于识别具有地下水开发潜力的优质地下水区域，为各利益相关方提供参考。
