Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia.
School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2022 Sep;24(9):701-708. doi: 10.1007/s11883-022-01046-2. Epub 2022 Jul 1.
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide for both men and women. However, CVD is understudied, underdiagnosed, and undertreated in women. This bias has resulted in women being disproportionately affected by CVD when compared to men. The aim of this narrative review is to explore the contribution of sex and gender on CVD outcomes in men and women and offer recommendations for researchers and clinicians.
Evidence demonstrates that there are sex differences (e.g., menopause and pregnancy complications) and gender differences (e.g., socialization of gender) that contribute to the inequality in risk, presentation, and treatment of CVD in women. To start addressing the CVD issues that disproportionately impact women, it is essential that these sex and gender differences are addressed through educating health care professionals on gender bias; offering patient-centered care and programs tailored to women's needs; and conducting inclusive health research.
心血管疾病（CVD）是全球男性和女性死亡和发病的主要原因。然而，女性的 CVD 研究不足、诊断不足且治疗不足。这种偏见导致与男性相比，女性受 CVD 的影响不成比例。本综述的目的是探讨性别对男性和女性 CVD 结局的影响，并为研究人员和临床医生提供建议。
有证据表明，存在导致女性 CVD 风险、表现和治疗不平等的性别差异（例如，绝经和妊娠并发症）和性别差异（例如，性别社会化）。为了解决严重影响女性的 CVD 问题，必须通过教育医疗保健专业人员消除性别偏见；提供以患者为中心、满足女性需求的护理和方案；并开展包容性健康研究来解决这些性别差异。
