Adjuvant Research Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2 D02R590, Ireland.
Curr Opin Immunol. 2022 Aug;77:102229. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2022.102229. Epub 2022 Jun 29.
Adjuvants are a miscellaneous range of molecules and materials that can enhance the magnitude, functionality, breadth and durability of immune responses. Despite the multiplicity of compounds with adjuvant properties, less than a dozen are in clinical use in vaccines against infectious diseases. While many factors have contributed to their slow development, among the major challenges are the high safety and efficacy standards set by current adjuvants in human vaccines and our limited understanding of how adjuvants mediate their effects. This review outlines why it is so difficult to elucidate their mechanism of action, highlights areas that require in-depth research and discusses recent advancements that are revitalising adjuvant development. It is hoped that a fuller understanding of adjuvant sensing, signalling and function will facilitate the design of vaccines that promote sustained protective immunity against challenging bacterial and viral pathogens.
佐剂是一大类可以增强免疫反应的幅度、功能、广度和持久性的分子和材料。尽管具有佐剂特性的化合物种类繁多，但在针对传染病的疫苗中，只有不到十种被临床使用。尽管许多因素导致了它们的缓慢发展，但主要挑战之一是当前人类疫苗中佐剂所设定的高安全性和有效性标准，以及我们对佐剂如何发挥作用的理解有限。这篇综述概述了为什么阐明它们的作用机制如此困难，强调了需要深入研究的领域，并讨论了最近的进展，这些进展正在重振佐剂的开发。人们希望，更深入地了解佐剂的感知、信号传递和功能将有助于设计出能促进对具有挑战性的细菌和病毒病原体产生持续保护免疫的疫苗。
