Pazdera Jesse K, Kahana Michael J
Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania.
J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn. 2023 Jun;49(6):866-888. doi: 10.1037/xlm0001140. Epub 2022 Jul 4.
The modality effect refers to the robust finding that memory performance differs for items presented aurally, as compared with visually. Whereas auditory presentation leads to stronger recency performance in immediate recall, visual presentation often produces better primacy performance (the inverse modality effect). To investigate and model these differences, we conducted two large-scale web-based immediate free recall experiments. In both experiments, participants studied visual and auditory word lists of varying lengths and rates of presentation. We observed typical modality and inverse modality effects, while also discovering that participants were more likely to initiate recall from recent items on auditory trials than on visual trials. However, modality effects persisted regardless of the first item recalled. Meanwhile, an analysis of intrusion errors revealed that participants were more likely on visual trials than on auditory trials to erroneously recall words from one list prior. Furthermore, words presented in the same modality as the present list intruded more often than those presented in a different modality. We next developed a retrieved-context account of the modality effect by fitting the Context Maintenance and Retrieval model to data across multiple list lengths. Through our simulations, we demonstrate that the modality effect can be explained by faster contextual drift and stronger context-to-item association formation during auditory presentation, relative to visual. Our modeling shows that modality effects can arise without hypothesizing distinct memory stores for recent and remote information. Finally, we propose that modality effects may derive primarily from the temporal dynamics of stimuli, rather than their modality. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
模态效应指的是一个确凿的发现，即与视觉呈现的项目相比，听觉呈现的项目在记忆表现上存在差异。在即时回忆中，听觉呈现会导致更强的近因效应表现，而视觉呈现通常会产生更好的首因效应表现（反向模态效应）。为了研究并模拟这些差异，我们进行了两项基于网络的大规模即时自由回忆实验。在这两项实验中，参与者学习了不同长度和呈现速度的视觉和听觉单词列表。我们观察到了典型的模态效应和反向模态效应，同时还发现参与者在听觉试验中比在视觉试验中更有可能从近期项目开始回忆。然而，无论第一个回忆的项目是什么，模态效应都持续存在。与此同时，对侵入性错误的分析表明，参与者在视觉试验中比在听觉试验中更有可能错误地回忆前一个列表中的单词。此外，与当前列表呈现模态相同的单词比呈现模态不同的单词更常出现侵入。接下来，我们通过将上下文维持与检索模型拟合到多个列表长度的数据，开发了一种关于模态效应的检索上下文解释。通过我们的模拟，我们证明，相对于视觉呈现，模态效应可以通过听觉呈现过程中更快的上下文漂移和更强的上下文到项目关联形成来解释。我们的模型表明，模态效应的出现无需假设存在用于近期和远期信息的不同记忆存储。最后，我们提出模态效应可能主要源于刺激的时间动态，而非其模态。（《心理学文摘数据库记录》（c）2023美国心理学会，保留所有权利）
