Liu Yan, Ota Misato, Fueki Tsukasa, Makino Toshiaki
Department of Pharmacognosy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan.
Matsuya Pharmacy, Niigata, Japan.
Front Pharmacol. 2022 Jun 20;13:892732. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2022.892732. eCollection 2022.
Pinellia Tuber (the dried tuber of (Thunb.) Makino [Araceae]) (PT) is a crude drug used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and Japanese Kampo medicine. PT is subjected to additional processing before use in TCM because of its toxic, while the processing has not been used in Kampo medicine. The aim of this study is to clarify the reason why the differences about the processing of PT between TCM and Kampo medicine have been appeared. We investigated successive literatures published in China and in Japan from the Han dynasty to the modern age. The descriptions about the processing of PT in China had appeared since the Later Han dynasty as washing, and after that, various processing methods have been recorded, such as boiling, steaming, making cakes, and fermenting to prepare PT malt (PTM) with various drug additives. The objective of the processing for PT was not only to remove its toxicity but to change drug properties, and several kinds of processed PT had been developed to treat different types of "phlegm" in the Ming dynasty. The current Chinese Pharmacopoeia recommends the use of processed PT to avoid the toxicity, and registers unprocessed PT as well as three kinds of processed PT except for PTM which had been deleted in 2015 edition. These processing methods for PT have been established in the Qing dynasty. The oldest description in Japan was appeared in 1363, and the processing methods had been influenced by the literatures in the Song dynasty. After that, the processed PT in Japan had mainly been PTM until the 18th century. In 1738, Shuan Kagawa wrote that PT should not be processed because its pharmacological effects disappeared and the toxicity of PT disappeared by preparing its decoction without processing. Then, the processing of PT has been unpopular, and the Japanese Pharmacopoeia has registered PT since 1939 without any processing. Compared to TCM, Japanese Kampo medicine has tended to avoid ideologism based on traditional knowledge and to adopt positivism. This policy has reflected the differences in the processing of PT between Kampo medicine and TCM.
半夏（天南星科植物半夏（Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Makino）的干燥块茎）是一种用于传统中药（TCM）和日本汉方医学的天然药物。由于半夏有毒，在传统中药中使用前需经过额外加工，而在汉方医学中并未采用这种加工方法。本研究的目的是阐明传统中药和汉方医学中半夏加工方式存在差异的原因。我们调查了从汉代到现代在中国和日本发表的相关文献。中国对半夏加工的描述自东汉起就有记载，如清洗，此后记录了多种加工方法，如煮、蒸、制饼以及与各种药物添加剂发酵制备半夏曲（PTM）。半夏加工的目的不仅是去除其毒性，还在于改变药物特性；明代已开发出几种加工后的半夏用于治疗不同类型的“痰”。现行《中国药典》推荐使用加工后的半夏以避免毒性，并收录了未加工的半夏以及三种加工后的半夏，但2015年版已删除的半夏曲除外。这些半夏加工方法在清代已确立。日本最早的描述出现在1363年，其加工方法受宋代文献影响。此后，直到18世纪，日本加工后的半夏主要是半夏曲。1738年，香川修庵写道半夏不应加工，因为其药理作用会消失，且不加工制备汤剂时半夏的毒性也会消失。此后，半夏加工不再流行；自1939年起，《日本药局方》收录的半夏未经过任何加工。与传统中药相比，日本汉方医学倾向于避免基于传统知识的意识形态主义而采用实证主义。这一政策反映了汉方医学和传统中药在半夏加工上的差异。
