Peng Wei, Li Nan, Jiang Ercheng, Zhang Chao, Huang Yongliang, Tan Ling, Chen Ruyan, Wu Chunjie, Huang Qinwan
State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
Sichuan Neautus Traditional Chinese Medicine Co., Ltd, Chengdu, 611731, China.
J Ethnopharmacol. 2022 Dec 5;299:115696. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115696. Epub 2022 Sep 7.
The rhizome of Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Breit, called Pinelliae Rhizoma (PR) and Banxia in Chinese, is a well-known traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) with the functions of "removing dampness-phlegm" and "downbear counterflow and check vomiting". PR has potential toxic effects that can be detoxified by Fuzhi processing (repeated processing using one or multiple adjuvants) with specific adjuvants.
This paper aims to provide a summary of traditional and current processing methods used to detoxify PR.
The available references of the processing methods of PR from the classic books of Materia Medica, literature, online databases and masters or doctoral theses are collected and summarized. We also discussed the possible processing mechanisms of how we can achieve a safer and effective application of PR via these processing methods.
PR cannot be administered orally before processing. PR contains nucleoside alkaloids, cerebrosides, fatty acids, lectin, polysaccharides, and calcium oxalate crystals. To date, although the active substances of PR are still unclear, the toxic components are almost completely clarified as needle-like calcium oxalate crystals (NCOCs) and lectin proteins. Furthermore, the toxic effects of PR include causing death in animals, inflammation, conjunctival irritation, pregnancy toxicity, teratogenicity, visceral toxicity, aphonia and vomiting. From ancient times to now, Fuzhi methods have remained the predominant method for PR processing, and the main adjuvants used are ginger juice, alum, licorice and lime. In addition, detoxification mechanisms are related to removing or damaging the NCOC and lectin in PR based on processing with adjuvants. Currently, Fuzhi processing has been greatly improved, and novel processing technologies with novel adjuvants have been used for PR processing. However, there are still some flaws in PR processing, which should be urgently solved in the future, and clarifying the characteristic bioactive compounds in PR corresponding to its function or effects is the most important step for PR processing.
Our present paper reviewed the previous literature regarding all aspects of the processing of PR, and this paper will be helpful for achieving a safer and effective application of PR and its processed products and will also be beneficial for the further optimization of processing technology and clinical medication safety of PR.
半夏（Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Breit）的根茎，中药名为半夏，是一种著名的传统中药，具有“燥湿化痰”和“降逆止呕”的功效。半夏具有潜在毒性，可通过用特定辅料进行复制加工（使用一种或多种辅料反复加工）来解毒。
本文旨在总结半夏传统及当前的解毒加工方法。
收集并总结了来自中药经典书籍、文献、在线数据库以及硕士或博士论文中有关半夏加工方法的可用参考文献。我们还讨论了通过这些加工方法实现半夏更安全有效应用的可能加工机制。
半夏在加工前不能口服。半夏含有核苷生物碱、脑苷脂、脂肪酸、凝集素、多糖和草酸钙晶体。迄今为止，尽管半夏的活性物质仍不明确，但其毒性成分几乎已完全明确为针状草酸钙晶体（NCOCs）和凝集素蛋白。此外，半夏的毒性作用包括导致动物死亡、炎症、结膜刺激、妊娠毒性、致畸性、内脏毒性、失音和呕吐。从古至今，复制加工方法一直是半夏加工的主要方法，使用的主要辅料有姜汁、明矾、甘草和石灰。此外，解毒机制与基于辅料加工去除或破坏半夏中的NCOC和凝集素有关。目前，复制加工已得到极大改进，新型辅料的新型加工技术已用于半夏加工。然而，半夏加工仍存在一些缺陷，未来应亟待解决，明确半夏中与其功能或作用相对应的特征性生物活性化合物是半夏加工的最重要步骤。
我们目前的论文回顾了以往关于半夏加工各方面的文献，本文将有助于实现半夏及其加工产品更安全有效的应用，也将有利于半夏加工技术的进一步优化和临床用药安全。
