Total flavonoids of Rhizoma Drynariae enhances CD31Emcn vessel formation and subsequent bone regeneration in rat models of distraction osteogenesis by activating PDGF‑BB/VEGF/RUNX2/OSX signaling axis.

Total flavonoids of (TFRD), extracted from the kidney‑tonifying Traditional Chinese medicine , can be effective in treating osteoporosis, bone fractures and defects. However, the pharmacological effects of TFRD on the specific vessel subtype CD31Emcn during distraction osteogenesis (DO) remains unclear. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of TFRD on CD31Emcn vessels in a rat model of DO. In the present study, tibial DO models were established using 60 rats with a distraction rate of 0.2 mm per day for 20 days. Co‑immunofluorescence staining of CD31 and endomucin (Emcn) was conducted to determine CD31Emcn vessels. Radiographic, angiographic and histological analyses were performed to assess bone and vessel formation. Tube formation, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and Von Kossa staining assays were performed to test angiogenesis of endothelial precursor cells (EPCs) and osteogenesis of bone marrow‑derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). Additionally, expression levels of platelet‑derived growth factor (PDGF)‑BB, VEGF, runt‑related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) and Osterix (OSX) were determined by western blotting and reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR. The assays demonstrated that TFRD markedly promoted CD31Emcn vessel formation during DO, whereas PDGF‑BB neutralizing antibody suppressed vessel formation. Furthermore, the ALP, Von Kossa staining and tube formation assays indicated that TFRD notably elevated the angiogenic capacity of EPCs and osteogenic capacity of BMSCs under stress conditions, which was significantly suppressed by blocking PDGF‑BB. The protein and mRNA levels of PDGF‑BB, VEGF, RUNX2 and OSX were upregulated by TFRD, but downregulated by blocking PDGF‑BB. Thus, TFRD could facilitate CD31Emcn vessel formation and subsequently enhance angiogenic‑osteogenic coupling to regenerate bone defects during DO via the PDGF‑BB/VEGF/RUNX2/OSX signaling axis, which indicated that CD31Emcn vessels could be a potential novel therapeutic target for DO, and TFRD may represent a promising drug for promoting bone regeneration in DO by increasing CD31Emcn vessels.