Key Laboratory of Trace Elements Nutrition, National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Health Commission, Beijing 100050, China.
Nutrients. 2022 Jul 5;14(13):2778. doi: 10.3390/nu14132778.
The nutrition and health of middle-aged and elderly people is crucial to the long-term development of a country. The present study aimed to analyze the dietary consumption status in Chinese adults by using baseline and follow-up data from the community-based Cohort Study on Nervous System Diseases between 2018−2020 and selecting those aged 55 and older (n = 23,296). Dividing 65 food items into 17 subgroups on the basis of a valid semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire, we analyze the consumption amount and consumption rate of foods in relation to wave and sociodemographic factors by employing the Wilcoxon rank sum test, Kruskal−Wallis analysis, the Chi-squared test, and the Cochran−Armitage trend test and evaluate food intake status using the Chinese Dietary Guidelines Recommendations (2022). Compared to 2018, the median daily intake of livestock meat, poultry, and eggs increased in 2020 (p < 0.05), while the median daily intake of wheat, other cereals, tubers, legumes, fruits, and fish and seafood decreased (p < 0.05). The proportion of subjects with excessive intake of grain, livestock and poultry, and eggs was 46.3%, 36.6%, and 26.6%, respectively, while the proportion of subjects with insufficient intake of whole grains and mixed beans, tubers, legumes, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, and fish and seafood were 98.4%, 80.3%, 74.0%, 94.6%, 94.3%, 75.8%, and 86.5%, respectively, and more than 50% of subjects were non-consumers of dairy products, nuts, and whole grains and mixed beans. In conclusion, the problem of unhealthy dietary structure is prominent among adults aged 55 and older in China; insufficient or excessive intakes of various types of foods are common; and excessive consumption of edible oil and salt remains a serious problem.
中国中老年人的营养与健康对国家的长远发展至关重要。本研究旨在分析中国成年人的饮食消费状况，研究对象为 2018-2020 年基于社区的神经系统疾病队列研究中的基线和随访数据，且年龄均在 55 岁及以上（n=23296）。基于有效的半定量食物频率问卷，将 65 种食物分为 17 个亚组，采用 Wilcoxon 秩和检验、Kruskal-Wallis 分析、卡方检验和 Cochran-Armitage 趋势检验，分析与波次和社会人口因素相关的食物消费数量和消费率，并采用《中国居民膳食指南（2022）》评价食物摄入状况。与 2018 年相比，2020 年畜肉类、禽肉类和蛋类的日均摄入量中位数增加（p＜0.05），而谷物、其他主食、薯类、豆类、水果和鱼虾类的日均摄入量中位数减少（p＜0.05）。谷物、畜肉和禽蛋摄入过量的人群比例分别为 46.3%、36.6%和 26.6%，而全谷物和杂豆类、薯类、豆类、奶类、水果、蔬菜、鱼虾类摄入不足的人群比例分别为 98.4%、80.3%、74.0%、94.6%、94.3%、75.8%和 86.5%，且超过 50%的人群不食用奶类、坚果和全谷物及杂豆类。总之，中国 55 岁及以上成年人的饮食结构存在明显的不健康问题，各种食物的摄入不足或过量较为常见，食用油和盐的摄入过量仍是一个严重的问题。
