Construction, Physical Properties and Foaming Behavior of High-Content Lignin Reinforced Low-Density Polyethylene Biocomposites.

Lignin was chemically modified with oligomeric polyethylene (oPE) to form oPE-grafted lignin (oPE--lignin) via lignin surface acylation and a radical coupling reaction with oPE. Then, pristine lignin and oPE--lignin were successfully compounded with low-density polyethylene (LDPE) through a typical compounding technique. Due to the oligomeric polyethylene chains grafted to the lignin's surface, the interfacial adhesion between the lignin particles and the LDPE matrix was considerably better in the oPE--lignin/LDPE biocomposite than in the pristine-lignin/LDPE one. This demonstrated that oPE--lignin can serve as both a biodegradable reinforcing filler, which can be loaded with a higher lignin content at 50 wt-%, and a nucleating agent to increase the crystallization temperature and improve the tensile characteristics of its LDPE biocomposites. Moreover, the foamability of the lignin-reinforced LDPE biocomposites was studied in the presence of a chemical blowing agent (azodicarbonamide) with dicumyl peroxide; for an oPE--lignin content up to 20 wt-%, the cell size distribution was quite uniform, and the foam expansion ratios (17.69 ± 0.92) were similar to those of the neat LDPE foam (17.04 ± 0.44).