Sts Cyril and Methodius Faculty of Theology, Olomouc University Social Health Institute, Palacky University in Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic; Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialisation, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Department of Sociology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
J Adolesc Health. 2022 Nov;71(5):601-608. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2022.05.015. Epub 2022 Jul 9.
Social patterns in bullying show consistent gender differences in adolescent perpetration and victimization with large cross-national variations. Previous research shows associations between societal gender inequality and gender differences in some violent behaviors in adolescents. Therefore, there is a need to go beyond individual associations and use a more social ecological perspective when examining gender differences in bullying behaviors. The aim of the present study was twofold: (1) to explore cross-national gender differences in bullying behaviors and (2) to examine whether national-level gender inequality relates to gender differences in adolescent bullying behaviors.
Traditional bullying and cyberbullying were measured in 11-year-olds to 15-year-olds in the 2017/18 Health Behaviour in School-aged Children study (n = 200,423). We linked individual data to national gender inequality (Gender Inequality Index, 2018) in 46 countries and tested their association using mixed-effects (multilevel) logistic regression models.
Large cross-national variations were observed in gender differences in bullying. Boys had higher odds of perpetrating both traditional and cyberbullying and victimization by traditional bullying than girls. Greater gender inequality at country level was associated with heightened gender differences in traditional bullying. In contrast, lower gender inequality was associated with larger gender differences for cyber victimization.
Societal gender inequality relates to adolescents' involvement in bullying and gendered patterns in bullying. Public health policy should target societal factors that have an impact on young people's behavior.
欺凌行为中的社会模式显示，青少年施暴和受害在性别上存在一致的差异，且存在较大的跨国差异。先前的研究表明，社会性别不平等与青少年某些暴力行为的性别差异之间存在关联。因此，在研究欺凌行为中的性别差异时，需要超越个体关联，采用更具社会生态学视角。本研究旨在探索：（1）欺凌行为的跨国性别差异；（2）国家层面的性别不平等与青少年欺凌行为的性别差异之间是否存在关联。
在 2017/18 年的“青少年健康行为调查”中，对 11 至 15 岁的儿童进行了传统欺凌和网络欺凌的测量（n=200,423）。我们将个人数据与 46 个国家的国家性别不平等（性别不平等指数，2018 年）相关联，并使用混合效应（多层次）逻辑回归模型检验其关联。
在欺凌行为的性别差异方面，观察到了较大的跨国差异。与女孩相比，男孩实施传统欺凌和网络欺凌以及遭受传统欺凌的可能性更高。国家层面的性别不平等程度越高，传统欺凌中的性别差异越大。相反，性别不平等程度越低，网络欺凌受害的性别差异越大。
社会性别不平等与青少年参与欺凌行为以及欺凌行为的性别模式有关。公共卫生政策应针对影响年轻人行为的社会因素。
