Ferrari S, Blázquez T, Cardelli R, Puglisi G, Suárez R, Mazzarella L
Dept. of Architecture, Built Environment and Construction Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy.
Dept. of Energy Efficiency Department, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), Rome, Italy.
Build Environ. 2022 Aug 15;222:109366. doi: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.109366. Epub 2022 Jul 7.
The recent pandemic due to SARS-CoV-2 has brought to light the need for strategies to mitigate contagion between human beings. Apart from hygiene measures and social distancing, air ventilation highly prevents airborne transmission within enclosed spaces. Among others, educational environments become critical in strategic planning to control the spread of pathogens and viruses amongst the population, mainly in cold conditions. In the event of a virus outbreak - such as COVID or influenza - many school classrooms still lack the means to guarantee secure and healthy environments. The present review examines school contexts that implement air ventilation strategies to reduce the risk of contagion between students. The analysed articles present past experiences that use either natural or mechanical systems assessed through mathematical models, numerical models, or full-scale experiments. For naturally ventilated classrooms, the studies highlight the importance of the architectural design of educational spaces and propose strategies for aeration control such as CO-based control and risk-infection control. When it comes to implementing mechanical ventilation in classrooms, different systems with different airflow patterns are assessed based on their ability to remove airborne pathogens considering parameters like the age of air and the generation of airflow streamlines. Moreover, studies report that programmed mechanical ventilation systems can reduce risk-infection during pandemic events. In addition to providing a systematic picture of scientific studies in the field, the findings of this review can be a valuable reference for school administrators and policymakers to implement the best strategies in their classroom settings towards reducing infection risks.
最近由严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2（SARS-CoV-2）引发的大流行凸显了采取策略减轻人际间传染的必要性。除了卫生措施和社交距离外，空气流通在很大程度上可防止封闭空间内的空气传播。其中，教育环境在控制病原体和病毒在人群中传播的战略规划中变得至关重要，尤其是在寒冷条件下。在病毒爆发（如新冠病毒或流感）的情况下，许多学校教室仍然缺乏保障安全健康环境的手段。本综述研究了实施空气流通策略以降低学生间传染风险的学校环境。所分析的文章展示了过去使用自然或机械系统的经验，这些系统通过数学模型、数值模型或全尺寸实验进行评估。对于自然通风的教室，研究强调了教育空间建筑设计的重要性，并提出了诸如基于二氧化碳的控制和感染风险控制等通风控制策略。在教室中实施机械通风时，根据不同气流模式的系统去除空气传播病原体的能力，结合空气龄和气流流线生成等参数进行评估。此外，研究报告称，程序化的机械通风系统可在大流行期间降低感染风险。除了提供该领域科学研究的系统概况外，本综述的结果可为学校管理人员和政策制定者在课堂环境中实施最佳策略以降低感染风险提供有价值的参考。
