Westin J B, Castegnaro M J, Friesen M D
Environ Res. 1987 Jun;43(1):126-34. doi: 10.1016/s0013-9351(87)80064-6.
Sixteen types of children's pacifiers and baby-bottle nipples, bought in shops in Israel but produced both there and elsewhere in the world, were analyzed for their contents of N-nitrosamines, which have been shown to be potent carcinogens in animals, and of nitrosatable amines. Two methods were used: one, originating in the United States, involved dichloromethane extraction of total volatile N-nitrosamines from the nipples and pacifiers, and the other, from the Federal Republic of Germany, consisted of analysis of N-nitrosamines and their amine precursors that migrated into artificial saliva. N-Nitrosodibutylamine (NDBA). N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA), N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA). N-nitrosopiperidine (NPIP), and N-nitrosopyrrolidine (NPYR) were detected by the first method, at individual levels as high as 369 ppb. Using the second method, NDBA, NDEA, NDMA, and N-nitrosomorpholine (NMOR) were detected at concentrations up to 41 ppb, in addition to the three nitrosatable amines dibutylamine, diethylamine, and dimethylamine. Upon nitrosation in the artificial saliva, these amines produced not only the related N-nitrosamines but also relatively high levels of the corresponding N-nitramines (N-nitrodibutylamine, N-nitrodiethylamine, and N-nitrodimethylamine), probably formed by oxidation of the N-nitrosamines by peroxides used for vulcanization of elastomers. Thus, if N-nitramines are not measured in addition to N-nitrosamines after nitrosation, the second method may underestimate the quantities of nitrosatable amines present in artificial saliva extracts. Whether N-nitramines, some of which have been shown to be both mutagenic and carcinogenic, also occur in the saliva of babies exposed to these products remains to be confirmed. Of the samples tested, 50% failed to meet both the U.S. and the FRG regulations. A larger percentage, 60%, would not conform to the new standard suggested in the United States, and more than 80% failed to comply with the even stricter Dutch standard.
在以色列商店购买的16种儿童安抚奶嘴和奶瓶奶嘴进行了分析，这些产品有的在以色列生产，有的在世界其他地方生产，分析其N-亚硝胺和可亚硝化胺的含量，N-亚硝胺已被证明在动物体内是强效致癌物。使用了两种方法：一种源自美国，涉及用二氯甲烷从奶嘴和安抚奶嘴中萃取总挥发性N-亚硝胺；另一种源自德意志联邦共和国，包括分析迁移到人工唾液中的N-亚硝胺及其胺前体。通过第一种方法检测到了N-亚硝基二丁胺（NDBA）、N-亚硝基二乙胺（NDEA）、N-亚硝基二甲胺（NDMA）、N-亚硝基哌啶（NPIP）和N-亚硝基吡咯烷（NPYR），个别含量高达369 ppb。使用第二种方法，除了检测到三种可亚硝化胺二丁胺、二乙胺和二甲胺外，还检测到浓度高达41 ppb的NDBA、NDEA、NDMA和N-亚硝基吗啉（NMOR）。这些胺在人工唾液中亚硝化后，不仅产生了相关的N-亚硝胺，还产生了相对较高水平的相应N-硝胺（N-硝基二丁胺、N-硝基二乙胺和N-硝基二甲胺），可能是由用于弹性体硫化的过氧化物将N-亚硝胺氧化形成的。因此，如果在亚硝化后除了N-亚硝胺之外不测量N-硝胺，第二种方法可能会低估人工唾液提取物中可亚硝化胺的含量。一些已被证明具有致突变性和致癌性的N-硝胺是否也存在于接触这些产品的婴儿唾液中仍有待证实。在所测试的样品中，50%不符合美国和德意志联邦共和国的规定。更大比例（60%）不符合美国建议的新标准，超过80%不符合甚至更严格的荷兰标准。
