Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas 58140, Turkey.
Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas 58140, Turkey.
Int J Food Microbiol. 2022 Sep 16;377:109831. doi: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2022.109831. Epub 2022 Jul 8.
Biocidal compounds are frequently used as disinfectants in poultry industry and their widespread usage has risen concern due to the co-selection and persistence of antimicrobial resistance among bacteria. In this study, extended spectrum β-lactamase producing (ESBL) Escherichia coli isolates (n = 60) obtained from chicken meat were characterized by Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) and further tested for disinfectant and heavy metal resistance phenotypically and genotypically. Plasmid replicon types of these isolates were also determined. ESBL producing E. coli isolates were found to be resistant to ciprofloxacin (48.3 %) and gentamicin (15 %). The majority of these isolates (46.5 %) carried bla gene. The isolates showed higher minimal inhibitory concentrations to cetylpyridinium chloride (90 %), cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (50 %), hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (46.7 %), triclosan (38.3 %), benzalkonium chloride (28.3 %), chlorhexidine (21.7 %), acriflavine (3.3 %), benzethonium chloride (1.7 %) and N-alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride (1.7 %), but 18.3 % of the isolates were resistant to triclosan. Of the quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) tolerance genes, mdfA, sugE(c), ydgE and ydgF were most present in all isolates, but the qacE, qacG, oqxA and oqxB genes were not detected. Of genes mediating the heavy metal resistance, the zitB gene was detected in all isolates, whereas the copA and cueO genes were detected in 96.67 % and 95 % of isolates, respectively. The IncFIB plasmid was commonly present (93.3 %) in ESBL producing E. coli isolates. Consequently, given the detection of genes mediating disinfectant and heavy metal resistance commonly in ESBL producing E. coli isolates as well as high rate of MICs against disinfectant compounds, the use of QACs for decontamination of the facilities may not be as effective as expected in poultry sector in Turkey.
生物杀灭化合物经常被用作家禽业中的消毒剂，由于细菌对抗微生物药物的共同选择和持续存在，其广泛使用引起了人们的关注。在这项研究中，通过脉冲场凝胶电泳 (PFGE) 对从鸡肉中获得的产超广谱β-内酰胺酶 (ESBL) 的大肠杆菌分离株 (n=60) 进行了表征，并进一步通过表型和基因型检测了这些分离株对消毒剂和重金属的耐药性。还确定了这些分离株的质粒复制子类型。产 ESBL 的大肠杆菌分离株对环丙沙星 (48.3%) 和庆大霉素 (15%) 具有耐药性。这些分离株中的大多数 (46.5%) 携带 bla 基因。这些分离株对西曲溴铵 (90%)、十六烷基三甲基溴化铵 (50%)、十六烷基三甲基溴化铵 (46.7%)、三氯生 (38.3%)、苯扎氯铵 (28.3%)、氯己定 (21.7%)、吖啶黄素 (3.3%)、苯扎铵 (1.7%) 和 N- 烷基二甲基苄基氯化铵 (1.7%) 的最小抑菌浓度较高，但 18.3%的分离株对三氯生具有耐药性。在所有分离株中最常见的季铵化合物 (QAC) 耐受基因是 mdfA、sugE(c)、ydgE 和 ydgF，但未检测到 qacE、qacG、oqxA 和 oqxB 基因。在介导重金属耐药性的基因中，所有分离株均检测到 zitB 基因，而 copA 和 cueO 基因分别在 96.67%和 95%的分离株中检测到。IncFIB 质粒通常存在于产 ESBL 的大肠杆菌分离株中 (93.3%)。因此，鉴于在产 ESBL 的大肠杆菌分离株中普遍检测到介导消毒剂和重金属耐药性的基因以及对消毒剂化合物的 MIC 率较高，在土耳其家禽业中，使用 QAC 进行设施消毒可能不如预期的有效。
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