Division of Research and Development, Murdoch University, South Street Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia.
J Anim Sci Biotechnol. 2013 Jan 7;4(1):1. doi: 10.1186/2049-1891-4-1.
The development of new/different management and feeding strategies to stimulate gut development and health in newly-weaned pigs, in order to improve growth performance while minimizing the use of antimicrobial compounds such as antibiotic growth promotants (AGP) and heavy mineral compounds, is essential for the long-term sustainability of the pig industry. Factors including the sub-optimal intake of nutrients and energy, inappropriate microbiota biomass and (or) balance, immature and compromised immune function, and psychosomatic factors caused by weaning can compromise both the efficiency of digestion and absorption and intestinal barrier function through mucosal damage and alteration of tight junction integrity. As a consequence, pigs at weaning are highly susceptible to pathogenic enteric conditions such as post-weaning diarrhea that may be caused by serotypes of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Many dietary components, e.g., protein, fiber, feed additives and minerals, are known to influence microbial growth in the gastrointestinal tract that in turn can impact upon pig growth and health, although the relationships between these are sometimes not necessarily apparent or obvious. In a world climate of increased scrutiny over the use of antibiotics per se in pig production, certain feed additives are seen as alternatives/replacements to antibiotics, and have evolved in some cases to have important roles in everyday commercial pig nutrition. Nevertheless and in general, there remains inconsistency and variability in the efficacy of some feed additives and in cases of severe disease outbreaks, for example, therapeutic antibiotics and/or heavy minerals such as zinc oxide (ZnO) are generally relied upon. If feed ingredients and (or) feed additives are to be used with greater regularity and reliability, then it is necessary to better understand the mechanisms whereby antibiotics and minerals such as ZnO influence animal physiology, in conjunction with the use of appropriate challenge models and in vitro and in vivo techniques.
为了在最大限度减少抗生素生长促进剂（AGP）和重金属化合物等抗菌化合物使用的同时，改善生长性能，开发新的/不同的管理和饲养策略以刺激刚断奶仔猪的肠道发育和健康，对于养猪业的长期可持续性至关重要。包括营养和能量摄入不足、微生物生物量和/或平衡不当、不成熟和受损的免疫功能以及断奶引起的身心因素等因素，会通过粘膜损伤和破坏紧密连接完整性来损害消化和吸收以及肠道屏障功能的效率。因此，刚断奶的猪极易受到诸如断奶后腹泻等肠致病性条件的影响，而这种腹泻可能是由产肠毒素大肠杆菌的血清型引起的。许多膳食成分，例如蛋白质、纤维、饲料添加剂和矿物质，已知会影响胃肠道中的微生物生长，从而影响猪的生长和健康，尽管这些成分之间的关系有时并不明显或明显。在对猪生产中抗生素本身的使用进行严格审查的世界气候下，某些饲料添加剂被视为抗生素的替代品/替代品，并且在某些情况下已经演变为在日常商业猪营养中具有重要作用。然而，总的来说，一些饲料添加剂的功效仍然不一致且存在变化，并且在严重疾病爆发的情况下，例如治疗性抗生素和/或氧化锌（ZnO）等重金属，通常还是依赖这些物质。如果要更频繁、更可靠地使用饲料成分和/或饲料添加剂，那么就有必要更好地了解抗生素和氧化锌等矿物质影响动物生理学的机制，同时结合使用适当的挑战模型以及体外和体内技术。
