Pre-adult exposure to three heavy metals leads to changes in the head transcriptome of adult flies.

We examined the effect of developmental exposure to three heavy metals - cadmium, copper, and lead - on gene expression in adult head tissue in the model organism . All metals affected development time and/or gene expression level. While variation in the response to each metal was apparent, two differentially-expressed genes were upregulated in response to all three metal treatments, and 11 genes were downregulated in two of the three treatments. Our work reveals that developmental metal exposure has the potential to have long-lasting, metal-specific effects on gene expression in adults, even after the metal stress has been removed.