Forrester Sydney, Barbose Galen, Miller Cesca Ann
Electricity Markets and Policy Department, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
iScience. 2022 Jul 3;25(8):104714. doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104714. eCollection 2022 Aug 19.
Compensation structures for residential solar are evolving toward a model that incentivizes using battery storage to maximize solar self-consumption. Using metered data from 1,800 residential customers across six U.S. utilities, we show that batteries operated solely in this manner provide customer bill savings up to $20-30 per kWh of storage capacity annually, but virtually no grid value. Relative to market-based dispatch, this value gap remains across customers and will become more severe over time, insofar as increased renewable energy penetration leads to more volatile wholesale prices. This inefficiency primarily stems from residential batteries largely sitting idle on peak days. We show that incentivizing storage customers to respond to market prices, particularly on peak days, would enhance both private and public value. Unconstrained grid discharging increases exports to distribution networks, but 50-70% of the potential market value could be achieved without materially degrading solar self-consumption levels or increasing local grid stress.
住宅太阳能的补偿结构正在向一种激励使用电池存储以最大化太阳能自用电量的模式发展。利用来自美国六个公用事业公司的1800户住宅客户的计量数据，我们发现，仅以这种方式运行的电池每年可为客户节省电费，每千瓦时存储容量可达20至30美元，但几乎没有电网价值。相对于基于市场的调度，这种价值差距在客户中普遍存在，并且随着时间的推移会变得更加严重，因为可再生能源渗透率的提高会导致批发价格更加波动。这种低效率主要源于住宅电池在高峰日大多闲置。我们表明，激励存储客户对市场价格做出反应，尤其是在高峰日，将提高私人和公共价值。无限制的电网放电增加了向配电网的出口，但在不实质性降低太阳能自用电量水平或增加当地电网压力的情况下，可以实现50%至70%的潜在市场价值。
