Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland 30-060.
Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2022 Jul 26;119(30):e2122593119. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2122593119. Epub 2022 Jul 18.
Although political violence has been perpetrated on behalf of a wide range of political ideologies, it is unclear whether there are systematic differences between ideologies in the use of violence to pursue a political cause. Prior research on this topic is scarce and mostly restricted to self-reported measures or less extreme forms of political aggression. Moreover, it has generally focused on respondents in Western countries and has been limited to either comparisons of the supporters of left-wing and right-wing causes or examinations of only Islamist extremism. In this research we address these gaps by comparing the use of political violence by left-wing, right-wing, and Islamist extremists in the United States and worldwide using two unique datasets that cover real-world examples of politically motivated, violent behaviors. Across both datasets, we find that radical acts perpetrated by individuals associated with left-wing causes are less likely to be violent. In the United States, we find no difference between the level of violence perpetrated by right-wing and Islamist extremists. However, differences in violence emerge on the global level, with Islamist extremists being more likely than right-wing extremists to engage in more violent acts.
虽然政治暴力是为了各种政治意识形态而实施的，但目前尚不清楚意识形态在为政治事业使用暴力方面是否存在系统差异。关于这个主题的先前研究很少，而且主要局限于自我报告的措施或不太极端的政治侵犯形式。此外，它通常侧重于西方国家的受访者，并且仅限于对左翼和右翼事业的支持者进行比较，或者仅检查伊斯兰极端主义。在这项研究中，我们通过使用两个独特的数据集来解决这些差距，这些数据集涵盖了美国和全球范围内左翼、右翼和伊斯兰极端主义者使用政治暴力的真实例子。在这两个数据集中，我们发现与左翼事业相关的个人实施的激进行为不太可能具有暴力性。在美国，我们没有发现右翼和伊斯兰极端主义者实施的暴力程度有差异。然而，在全球范围内出现了暴力差异，伊斯兰极端主义者比右翼极端主义者更有可能采取更暴力的行为。
