Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, Turkey.
Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China.
Microbiol Spectr. 2022 Aug 31;10(4):e0073222. doi: 10.1128/spectrum.00732-22. Epub 2022 Jul 13.
Emergence of pathogens harboring tigecycline resistance genes incurs great concerns. Wastewater is recognized as the important reservoir of antimicrobial resistance genes. Here we characterized the phenotypes and genotypes of bacteria carrying (X4) from wastewater in Turkey for the first time. Four (X4)-positive Escherichia coli isolates were identified and characterized by PCR, Sanger sequencing, antimicrobial susceptibility testing, conjugation assays, Illumina sequencing, nanopore sequencing and bioinformatic analysis. Four (X4)-harboring isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria and the (X4) gene was nontransferable in four isolates. Genetic analysis revealed that (X4) genes in four isolates were located on plasmids co-harboring two replicons IncFIA(HI1) and IncFIB(K). However, none of the four plasmids carried genes associated with horizontal transfer of plasmids. The coexistence of -bearing IncX3-type plasmid and (X4)-harboring plasmid was also found in one isolate. These findings indicate that continuous surveillance of the (X4)-bearing isolates in different environments worldwide should be strengthened. The emergence of tigecycline resistance genes in humans and animals in China seriously threatens the clinical utility of tigecycline, but the molecular epidemiology of tigecycline-resistant bacteria in other countries remained largely unknown. Therefore, it is necessary to learn the prevalence and molecular characteristics of bacteria carrying tigecycline resistance genes, particularly the mobilizable (X4), in other countries. In the study, we first described the presence and molecular characteristics of the (X4)-positive E. coli isolates from wastewater in Turkey. Four (X4)-bearing isolates belonged to ST609, an E. coli clone commonly found from humans, animals and the environment. These findings highlight the importance of monitoring the (X4) gene in different settings globally.
携带替加环素耐药基因的病原体的出现引起了极大的关注。废水被认为是抗微生物耐药基因的重要储存库。在这里，我们首次描述了来自土耳其废水的携带 (X4) 的细菌的表型和基因型。通过 PCR、Sanger 测序、抗菌药物敏感性测试、接合试验、Illumina 测序、纳米孔测序和生物信息学分析，鉴定和表征了 4 株(X4)-阳性大肠杆菌分离株。这 4 株(X4)-携带分离株均为多重耐药菌，且(X4)基因在 4 株分离株中均不可转移。遗传分析表明，这 4 株(X4)基因位于 4 株分离株中共同携带 2 种复制子 IncFIA(HI1)和 IncFIB(K)的质粒上。然而，这 4 个质粒均不携带与质粒水平转移相关的基因。在一个分离株中还发现了同时携带(X4)基因的 IncX3 型质粒和携带(X4)基因的质粒。这些发现表明，应加强对不同环境中(X4)携带分离株的持续监测。替加环素耐药基因在中国人和动物中的出现严重威胁了替加环素的临床应用，但其他国家的替加环素耐药菌的分子流行病学仍知之甚少。因此，有必要了解其他国家携带替加环素耐药基因的细菌，特别是可移动的 (X4)，的流行情况和分子特征。在本研究中，我们首次描述了来自土耳其废水的(X4)阳性大肠杆菌分离株的存在和分子特征。这 4 株(X4)携带分离株属于 ST609，这是一种常见于人类、动物和环境中的大肠杆菌克隆。这些发现强调了在全球范围内监测不同环境中(X4)基因的重要性。
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