CAS Engineering Laboratory for Nanozyme, Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceutical, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
Small. 2022 Aug;18(33):e2202294. doi: 10.1002/smll.202202294. Epub 2022 Jul 22.
Artificial organelles are compartmentalized nanoreactors, in which enzymes or enzyme-mimic catalysts exhibit cascade catalytic activities to mimic the functions of natural organelles. Importantly, research on artificial organelles paves the way for the bottom-up design of synthetic cells. Due to the separation effect of microcompartments, the catalytic reactions of enzymes are performed without the influence of the surrounding medium. The current techniques for synthesizing artificial organelles rely on the strategies of encapsulating enzymes into vesicle-structured materials or reconstituting enzymes onto the microcompartment materials. However, there are still some problems including limited functions, unregulated activities, and difficulty in targeting delivery that hamper the applications of artificial organelles. The emergence of nanozymes (nanomaterials with enzyme-like activities) provides novel ideas for the fabrication of artificial organelles. Compared with natural enzymes, nanozymes are featured with multiple enzymatic activities, higher stability, easier to synthesize, lower cost, and excellent recyclability. Herein, the most recent advances in nanozyme-based artificial organelles are summarized. Moreover, the benefits of compartmental structures for the applications of nanozymes, as well as the functional requirements of microcompartment materials are also introduced. Finally, the potential applications of nanozyme-based artificial organelles in biomedicine and the related challenges are discussed.
人工细胞器是分隔的纳米反应器，其中酶或酶模拟催化剂表现出级联催化活性，以模拟天然细胞器的功能。重要的是，人工细胞器的研究为合成细胞的自下而上设计铺平了道路。由于微区室的分离效果，酶的催化反应在不受周围介质影响的情况下进行。目前合成人工细胞器的技术依赖于将酶包封到囊泡结构材料中或将酶重新组装到微区室材料上的策略。然而，仍然存在一些问题，包括功能有限、活性不可调节以及靶向递送困难，这些问题阻碍了人工细胞器的应用。纳米酶（具有类似酶活性的纳米材料）的出现为人工细胞器的制造提供了新的思路。与天然酶相比，纳米酶具有多种酶活性、更高的稳定性、更容易合成、更低的成本和优异的可回收性。本文总结了基于纳米酶的人工细胞器的最新进展。此外，还介绍了隔间结构对纳米酶应用的益处以及微区室材料的功能要求。最后，讨论了基于纳米酶的人工细胞器在生物医学中的潜在应用和相关挑战。
