Antibiotics in anaerobic digestion: Investigative studies on digester performance and microbial diversity.

The ever-increasing consumption of antibiotics in both humans and animals has increased their load in municipal and pharmaceutical industry waste and may cause serious damage to the environment. Impact of antibiotics on the performance of commercially used anaerobic digesters in terms of bioenergy output, antibiotics' removal and COD removal have been compared critically with a few studies indicating >90% removal of antibiotics. AnMBR performed the best in terms of antibiotic removal, COD removal and methane yield. Most of the antibiotics investigated have adverse effects on microbiome associated with different stages and methane generation pathways of AD which has been assessed using high throughput technologies like metatranscriptomics, metaproteomics and flow cytometry. Perspectives have been given for understanding the fate and elimination of antibiotics from AD. The challenge of optimization and process improvement needs to be addressed to increase efficiency of the anaerobic digesters.