Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
DSM-BIOMIN Research Center, Technopark 1, 3430 Tulln, Austria.
Toxins (Basel). 2022 Jul 15;14(7):493. doi: 10.3390/toxins14070493.
Dairy production is a pivotal economic sector of Austrian and European agriculture. Dietary toxins and endocrine disruptors of natural origin such as mycotoxins and phytoestrogens can affect animal health, reproduction, and productivity. This study characterized the profile of a wide spectrum of fungal, plant, and unspecific secondary metabolites, including regulated, emerging, and modified mycotoxins, phytoestrogens, and cyanogenic glucosides, in complete diets of lactating cows from 100 Austrian dairy farms. To achieve this, a validated multi-metabolite liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization−tandem mass spectrometric (LC/ESI−MS/MS) method was employed, detecting 155 of >800 tested metabolites. Additionally, the most influential dietary and geo-climatic factors related to the dietary mycotoxin contamination of Austrian dairy cattle were recognized. We evidenced that the diets of Austrian dairy cows presented ubiquitous contamination with mixtures of mycotoxins and phytoestrogens. Metabolites derived from Fusarium spp. presented the highest concentrations, were the most recurrent, and had the highest diversity among the detected fungal compounds. Zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, and fumonisin B1 were the most frequently occurring mycotoxins considered in the EU legislation, with detection frequencies >70%. Among the investigated dietary factors, inclusion of maize silage (MS) and straw in the diets was the most influential factor in contamination with Fusarium-derived and other fungal toxins and metabolites, and temperature was the most influential among the geo-climatic factors.
奶制品生产是奥地利和欧洲农业的重要经济部门。饮食中的天然毒素和内分泌干扰物，如真菌毒素和植物雌激素，会影响动物的健康、繁殖和生产力。本研究对来自奥地利 100 家奶牛场的哺乳期奶牛的全价日粮中的广泛真菌、植物和非特异性次生代谢物（包括受监管、新兴和修饰真菌毒素、植物雌激素和氰苷）的特征进行了描述。为此，我们采用了一种经过验证的多代谢物液相色谱/电喷雾电离串联质谱（LC/ESI-MS/MS）方法，检测到 800 多种代谢物中的 155 种。此外，还确定了与奥地利奶牛日粮中真菌毒素污染相关的最具影响力的饮食和地理气候因素。我们的研究结果表明，奥地利奶牛的日粮普遍受到真菌毒素和植物雌激素混合物的污染。来源于镰刀菌属（Fusarium spp.）的代谢物浓度最高，出现频率最高，且在检测到的真菌化合物中多样性最高。玉米赤霉烯酮、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇和伏马菌素 B1 是欧盟法规中最常被考虑的真菌毒素，其检出频率>70%。在调查的饮食因素中，日粮中添加青贮玉米（MS）和稻草是受镰刀菌属和其他真菌毒素及代谢物污染的最具影响力的因素，而温度是地理气候因素中最具影响力的因素。
