Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.
Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Austria.
Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess. 2022 Nov;39(11):1855-1877. doi: 10.1080/19440049.2022.2121430. Epub 2022 Sep 21.
Spent brewery grains (BSG) are the main by-product of beer production and are incorporated in rations of food-delivering animals, mainly dairy cows. Like other agricultural commodities, BSG can be contaminated by a broad spectrum of natural and synthetic undesirable substances, which can be hazardous to animal and human health as well as to the environment. The co-occurrence of mycotoxins, phytoestrogens, other fungal and plant secondary metabolites, along with pesticides, was investigated in 21 BSG samples collected in dairy farms in Austria. For this purpose, a validated multi-metabolite liquid chromatography/electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS/MS) was employed. Metabolites derived from , and pesticide residues, were ubiquitous in the samples. Zearalenone (ZEN), T-2 and HT-2 toxins were the only regulated mycotoxin detected, albeit at concentrations below the European guidance values for animal feeds. Ergot alkaloids, -derived metabolites, and phytoestrogens had occurrence rates of 90, 48 and 29%, respectively. metabolites presented the highest levels among the fungal compounds, indicating contamination during storage. Aflatoxins (AFs), ochratoxins and deoxynivalenol (DON) were not detected. Out of the 16 detected pesticides, two fungicides, ametoctradin (9.5%) and mandipropamid (14.3%) revealed concentrations exceeding their respective maximum residue level (MRL) (0.01 mg kg) for barley in two samples. Although based on European guidance and MRL values the levels of the detected compounds probably do not pose acute risks for cattle, the impact of the long-time exposure to such mixtures of natural and synthetic toxicants on animal health and food safety are unknown and must be elucidated.
废啤酒糟（BSG）是啤酒生产的主要副产品，被用于饲养动物的饲料中，主要是奶牛。与其他农产品一样，BSG 可能会被各种天然和合成的有害物质污染，这些物质对动物和人类健康以及环境都可能构成危害。本研究在奥地利的奶牛场采集了 21 个 BSG 样本，调查了其中真菌毒素、植物雌激素、其他真菌和植物次生代谢物以及农药的共同污染情况。为此，采用了一种经过验证的多代谢物液相色谱/电喷雾串联质谱（LC/ESI-MS/MS）方法。来源于真菌和农药残留的代谢物在所有样本中普遍存在。玉米赤霉烯酮（ZEN）、T-2 和 HT-2 毒素是唯一被检测到的受监管真菌毒素，尽管其浓度低于动物饲料的欧洲指导值。麦角生物碱、-衍生代谢物和植物雌激素的检出率分别为 90%、48%和 29%。真菌化合物中，-代谢物的含量最高，表明在储存过程中受到了污染。黄曲霉毒素（AFs）、赭曲霉毒素和脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（DON）未被检出。在所检测到的 16 种农药中，两种杀菌剂（甲氧基丙烯酸酯类杀虫剂阿米菌素，9.5%；苯并烯氟菌唑，14.3%）在两个样本中的浓度超过了大麦的最大残留限量（MRL）（0.01 mg kg）。尽管基于欧洲的指导值和 MRL 值，所检测到的化合物的水平可能不会对牛造成急性风险，但长期暴露于这些天然和合成有毒物质混合物对动物健康和食品安全的影响尚不清楚，必须加以阐明。
