Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Institute of Botany, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, 9 Gronostajowa St., 30-387 Cracow, Poland.
Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, 59 Wita Stwosza St., 80-308 Gdansk, Poland.
Cells. 2022 Jul 16;11(14):2218. doi: 10.3390/cells11142218.
Carnivorous plants are unique due to their ability to attract small animals or protozoa, retain them in specialized traps, digest them, and absorb nutrients from the dissolved prey material; however, to this end, these plants need a special secretion-digestive system (glands). A common trait of the digestive glands of carnivorous plants is the presence of transfer cells. Using the aquatic carnivorous species , we showed carnivorous plants as a model for studies of wall ingrowths/transfer cells. We addressed the following questions: Is the cell wall ingrowth composition the same between carnivorous plant glands and other plant system models? Is there a difference in the cell wall ingrowth composition between various types of gland cells (glandular versus endodermoid cells)? Fluorescence microscopy and immunogold electron microscopy were employed to localize carbohydrate epitopes associated with major cell wall polysaccharides and glycoproteins. The cell wall ingrowths were enriched with arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) localized with the JIM8, JIM13, and JIM14 epitopes. Both methylesterified and de-esterified homogalacturonans (HGs) were absent or weakly present in the wall ingrowths in transfer cells (stalk cells and head cells of the gland). Both the cell walls and the cell wall ingrowths in the transfer cells were rich in hemicelluloses: xyloglucan (LM15) and galactoxyloglucan (LM25). There were differences in the composition between the cell wall ingrowths and the primary cell walls in secretory gland cells in the case of the absence or inaccessibility of pectins (JIM5, LM19, JIM7, LM5, LM6 epitopes); thus, the wall ingrowths are specific cell wall microdomains. Even in the same organ (gland), transfer cells may differ in the composition of the cell wall ingrowths (glandular versus endodermoid cells). We found both similarities and differences in the composition of the cell wall ingrowths between the transfer cells and transfer cells of other plant species.
肉食植物因其能够吸引小动物或原生动物、在专门的陷阱中留住它们、消化它们并从溶解的猎物材料中吸收营养而独具特色；然而，为此，这些植物需要一个特殊的分泌-消化系统（腺体）。肉食植物消化腺的一个共同特征是存在转移细胞。我们使用水生肉食物种，将肉食植物作为研究细胞壁内陷/转移细胞的模型。我们提出了以下问题：肉食植物腺体和其他植物系统模型的细胞壁内陷组成是否相同？各种类型的腺体细胞（腺体细胞与内胚层样细胞）之间细胞壁内陷组成是否存在差异？荧光显微镜和免疫胶体金电子显微镜用于定位与主要细胞壁多糖和糖蛋白相关的碳水化合物表位。细胞壁内陷富含阿拉伯半乳聚糖蛋白 (AGP)，用 JIM8、JIM13 和 JIM14 表位定位。甲酯化和去甲酯化的同质半乳糖醛酸 (HG) 在内陷转移细胞（腺体的柄细胞和头部细胞）的细胞壁中不存在或很少存在。转移细胞的细胞壁和细胞壁内陷富含半纤维素：木葡聚糖 (LM15) 和半乳糖木葡聚糖 (LM25)。在分泌腺细胞中，果胶（JIM5、LM19、JIM7、LM5、LM6 表位）的缺失或不可及导致细胞壁内陷和初生细胞壁的组成存在差异；因此，细胞壁内陷是特定的细胞壁微区。即使在同一器官（腺体）中，转移细胞的细胞壁内陷组成（腺体细胞与内胚层样细胞）也可能不同。我们发现，转移细胞的细胞壁内陷组成与其他植物物种的转移细胞之间既有相似之处，也有不同之处。
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