Zeb Shah, Mushtaq Mariam, Ahmad Muneeb, Saleem Waqas, Rabaan Ali A, Naqvi Bibi Salma Zahid, Garout Mohammed, Aljeldah Mohammed, Al Shammari Basim R, Al Faraj Nehad J, Al-Zaki Nisreen A, Al Marshood Mona J, Al Saffar Thuria Y, Alsultan Khadija A, Al-Ahmed Shamsah H, Alestad Jeehan H, Naveed Muhammad, Ahmed Naveed
Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biomedical and Health Science, The University of Haripur, Haripur 22610, Pakistan.
Department of Microbiology, Pakistan Kidney and Liver Institute & Research Center, Lahore 54000, Pakistan.
Antibiotics (Basel). 2022 Jun 23;11(7):842. doi: 10.3390/antibiotics11070842.
Self-medication is an important issue, especially in developing countries. Self-medication is the concept in which individuals use medicine to ease and manage their minor illnesses. The current survey was designed to conduct interviews at different universities based on the availability of the students from August 2021 to October 2021 in Hazara region of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK), Pakistan. Overall, 1250 questionnaires were distributed to students from various departments. Students of microbiology ( = 305, 24.4%) and agriculture 236 ( = 18.8%) were the most elevated members in this study, while other participants were from medical lab technology ( = 118, 9.4%), chemistry ( = 103, 8.2%), food science ( = 92, 7.3%), business administration ( = 83, 6.6%), sociology ( = 78, 6.2%), math/physics ( = 6, 14.8%), Pak study ( = 58, 4.6%), English ( = 47, 3.7%), and psychology ( = 19, 1.5%). Students working towards their Bachelor numbered ( = 913, 73.0%), Master (minor) numbered ( = 80, 6.4%), Master (major) numbered ( = 221, 17.6%), and Doctorate numbered ( = 36, 2.8%). The age group of participants was majorly 20-25 years (61.0%), while others belonged to the age groups 25-30 years (20.6%), 30-35 years (9.8%), and 35-40 years (8.4%). The mean and standard deviation of daily practices of self-medication were observed (M = 416.667, SD = 1,026,108.667) and = 0.002. The mean and standard deviation of daily practices of antibiotic knowledge was (M = 431.5, SD = 1,615,917) and = 0.002. Antimicrobial agents were leading over others with 631 (50.4%), followed by anti-inflammatory with 331 (26.4%), multivitamins with 142 (11.3%), gynecological purpose with 59 (4.7%), and analgesic with 72 (5.7%), while the lowest frequency rate was observed against herbal remedies with 15 (1.2%). The results of the current study concluded that students practiced self-medication for reasons such as convenience to obtain these medications from cheap sources and to avoid the fee of a physician. They searched for the medicine on social media platforms and purchased it blindly from the pharmacy without any prescription from a physician.
自我药疗是一个重要问题，在发展中国家尤为如此。自我药疗是指个人使用药物来缓解和管理自身轻微疾病的概念。本次调查旨在根据2021年8月至2021年10月在巴基斯坦开伯尔-普赫图赫瓦省（KPK）哈扎拉地区各大学学生的可获取情况进行访谈。总体而言，向各系学生发放了1250份问卷。微生物学专业学生（n = 305，占24.4%）和农业专业学生236名（n = 18.8%）是本研究中占比最高的群体，其他参与者来自医学检验技术专业（n = 118，占9.4%）、化学专业（n = 103，占8.2%）、食品科学专业（n = 92，占7.3%）、工商管理专业（n = 83，占6.6%）、社会学专业（n = 78，占6.2%）、数学/物理专业（n = 6，占14.8%）、巴基斯坦研究专业（n = 58，占4.6%）、英语专业（n = 47，占3.7%）以及心理学专业（n = 19，占1.5%）。攻读学士学位的学生有913名（n = 913，占73.0%），攻读硕士（副修）学位的学生有80名（n = 80，占6.4%），攻读硕士（主修）学位的学生有221名（n = 221，占17.6%），攻读博士学位的学生有36名（n = 36，占2.8%）。参与者的年龄组主要为20 - 25岁（占61.0%），其他年龄组分别为25 - 30岁（占20.6%）、30 - 35岁（占9.8%）和35 - 40岁（占8.4%）。观察到自我药疗日常行为的均值和标准差为（M = 416.667，SD = 1,026,108.667）且p = 0.002。抗生素知识日常行为的均值和标准差为（M = 431.5，SD = 1,615,917）且p = 0.002。抗菌药物的使用人数最多，为631人（占50.4%），其次是抗炎药，有331人（占26.4%），多种维生素有142人使用（占11.3%），妇科用药有59人使用（占4.7%），镇痛药有72人使用（占5.7%），而草药疗法的使用频率最低，只有15人（占1.2%）。本研究结果表明，学生进行自我药疗的原因包括从廉价渠道获取这些药物很方便以及为了避免支付医生诊疗费。他们在社交媒体平台上搜索药物，在没有医生处方的情况下从药店盲目购买。
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