Ary D V, Lichtenstein E, Severson H H
Prev Med. 1987 May;16(3):385-401. doi: 10.1016/0091-7435(87)90039-9.
Questionnaire data from a sample of 3,023 adolescents indicated that over 60% of boys have tried smokeless tobacco, and 7% use it daily. Daily users reported an average of 5.3 uses per day. Among boys the prevalence of smokeless tobacco use in the past 6 months (18.8%) was higher than that for cigarette use (10.4%). For 86% of boys, the initial use of smokeless tobacco occurred in a social setting with other boys. Split-sample discriminant analyses identified peer use of smokeless tobacco as a discriminator between users and nonusers. Male triers of smokeless tobacco were discriminated from those who had never tried it by whether they had also tried smoking, intended to smoke, or had peers who used smokeless tobacco. Nine-month longitudinal data indicated that onset of smokeless tobacco use was not well predicted. Among daily users, the initial rate of use was the best prospective predictor of rate of use at follow-up (r = 0.576). Smokeless tobacco use was related to the use of other drugs, with 83% of male daily users indicating concurrent use of alcohol, marijuana, and/or cigarettes (tau = 0.354, 0.210, and 0.284, respectively). The use of smokeless tobacco was a prospective risk factor for the onset or increased use of cigarettes, alcohol, or marijuana.
对3023名青少年样本的问卷调查数据显示，超过60%的男孩尝试过无烟烟草，7%的男孩每天使用。每日使用者报告平均每天使用5.3次。在男孩中，过去6个月无烟烟草的使用率（18.8%）高于卷烟使用率（10.4%）。86%的男孩首次使用无烟烟草是在与其他男孩的社交场合。拆分样本判别分析确定同伴对无烟烟草的使用是使用者和非使用者之间的一个判别因素。尝试使用无烟烟草的男性与从未尝试过的男性的区别在于他们是否也尝试过吸烟、打算吸烟或有使用无烟烟草的同伴。九个月的纵向数据表明，无烟烟草使用的开始情况没有得到很好的预测。在每日使用者中，初始使用率是随访时使用率的最佳前瞻性预测指标（r = 0.576）。无烟烟草的使用与其他药物的使用有关，83%的男性每日使用者表示同时使用酒精、大麻和/或卷烟（tau分别为0.354、0.210和0.284）。无烟烟草的使用是卷烟、酒精或大麻开始使用或使用增加的一个前瞻性风险因素。
