Growth, Yield and Photosynthetic Performance of Winter Wheat as Affected by Co-Application of Nitrogen Fertilizer and Organic Manures.

The application of organic manures was found to be beneficial, however, the integrated use of organic manures with chemical nitrogen fertilizers has proven more sustainable in increasing the photosynthetic attributes and grain yield of the winter-wheat crop. A multi-factor split-plot design was adopted, nitrogen and manure fertilizer treatments were set in the sub-plots, including nitrogen-gradient treatment of T1:0 kg N ha, T2:100 kg N ha, T3:200 kg N ha, and T4:300 kg N ha (pure nitrogen -fertilizer application) The 25% reduction in nitrogen combined with the manure-fertilizer application includes T5:75 kg N ha nitrogen and 25 kg N ha manure, T6:150 kg N ha nitrogen and 50 kg N ha manure, and T7:225 kg N ha nitrogen and 75 kg N ha manure. The maximum results of the total chlorophyll content and photosynthetic rate were 5.73 mg/g FW and 68.13 m mol m s, observed under T4 in Zhongmai 175, as compared to Jindong 22 at the heading stage. However, the maximum results of intercellular CO concentration were 1998.47 μmol mol, observed under T3 in Jindong 22, as compared to Zhongmai 175 at the tillering stage. The maximum results of LAI were 5.35 (cm), observed under T7 in Jindong 22, as compared to Zhongmai 175 at the booting stage. However, the maximum results of Tr and Gs were 6.31 mmol HO m s and 0.90 HO mol m s, respectively, observed under T7 in Zhongmai 175 as compared to Jindong 22 at the flowering stage. The results revealed that grain yield 8696.93 kg ha, grains spike 51.33 (g), and 1000-grain weight 39.27 (g) were significantly higher, under T3 in Zhongmai 175, as compared to Jindong 22. Moreover, the spike number plot of 656.67 m was significantly higher in Jindong 22, as compared to Zhongmai 175. It was concluded from the study that the combined application of nitrogen and manure fertilizers in winter wheat is significant for enhancing seed at the jointing and flowering stages. For increased grain yield and higher economic return, Zhongmai 175 outperformed the other cultivars examined. This research brings awareness toward the nitrogen-fertilizer-management approach established for farmers' practice, which might be observed as an instruction to increase agricultural management for the winter-wheat-growth season.