Shaker Yasamin, Grineski Sara E, Collins Timothy W, Flores Aaron B
Department of Sociology, University of Utah, 380 S 1530 E, Rm. 301, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA.
Center for Natural and Technological Hazards, University of Utah, 260 Central, Campus Dr., Rm. 4625, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA.
Agric Human Values. 2023;40(1):101-112. doi: 10.1007/s10460-022-10340-3. Epub 2022 Jul 22.
In the 1930s, the Home Owners' Loan Corporation (HOLC) graded the mortgage security of urban US neighborhoods. In doing so, the HOLC engaged in the practice, imbued with racism and xenophobia, of "redlining" neighborhoods deemed "hazardous" for lenders. Redlining has caused persistent social, political and economic problems for communities of color. Linkages between redlining and contemporary food access remain unexamined, even though food access is essential to well-being. To investigate this, we used a census tract-level measure of low-income and low grocery store food access from the US Department of Agriculture Food Access Research Atlas, redlining data from Mapping Inequality Project, and demographic data from the American Community Survey. We employed generalized estimating equations with robust covariance estimates to analyze data pertaining to 10,459 census tracts in 202 US cities. Tracts that the HOLC graded as "C" ("decline in desirability") and "D" ("hazardous") had reduced contemporary food access compared to those graded "A" ("best"). Increases in contemporary census tract proportions of Black, Hispanic, or other racial/ethnic minority residents, as well as disabled residents, were associated with reduced food access. Increases in contemporary proportions of residents age 75 years and older or those without a car were associated with better food access. Tracts that underwent housing redevelopment since being graded had better food access, while those undergoing gentrification had reduced food access. Results suggest that issues of redlining, housing discrimination, racism, ableism, displacement, and food inaccessibility are deeply intertwined.
20世纪30年代，房主贷款公司（HOLC）对美国城市社区的抵押安全性进行了评级。在此过程中，HOLC采用了带有种族主义和仇外心理的做法，即对被认为对放贷机构“危险”的社区进行“红线划定”。红线划定给有色人种社区带来了持续的社会、政治和经济问题。尽管食物获取对福祉至关重要，但红线划定与当代食物获取之间的联系仍未得到研究。为了对此进行调查，我们使用了美国农业部食物获取研究地图集提供的低收入和低杂货店食物获取的普查区层面指标、不平等地图项目的红线划定数据以及美国社区调查的人口统计数据。我们采用具有稳健协方差估计的广义估计方程来分析与美国202个城市的10459个普查区相关的数据。与被评为“A”级（“最佳”）的普查区相比，HOLC评为“C”级（“吸引力下降”）和“S”级（“危险”）的普查区当代食物获取减少。当代普查区中黑人、西班牙裔或其他种族/族裔少数群体居民以及残疾居民比例的增加与食物获取减少有关。当代75岁及以上居民或没有汽车的居民比例的增加与更好的食物获取有关。自评级以来经历住房重建的普查区食物获取情况较好，而经历绅士化的普查区食物获取减少。结果表明，红线划定、住房歧视、种族主义、对残疾人的歧视、流离失所和食物获取不便等问题紧密相连。
