Anyanwu Madubuike Umunna, Jaja Ishmael Festus, Nwobi Obichukwu Chisom, Mgbeahuruike Anthony Christian, Ikpendu Chinaza Nnenna, Okafor Nnenna Audrey, Oguttu James Wabwire
Microbiology Unit, Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 400001, Nigeria.
Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, Florida Campus, University of South Africa, Johannesburg 1709, South Africa.
Microorganisms. 2022 Jul 25;10(8):1499. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms10081499.
Mobile colistin resistance () genes (-1 to -10) threaten the efficacy of colistin (COL), a polymyxin antibiotic that is used as a last-line agent for the treatment of deadly infections caused by multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant bacteria in humans and animals. COL has been used for more than 60 years for the prophylactic control and treatment of infections in livestock husbandry but not in horses. Polymyxin B is used for the prophylactic control and empirical treatment of infections in horses without conducting sensitivity tests. The lack of sensitivity testing exerts selection pressure for the acquisition of the gene. By horizontal transfer, -1, -5, and -9 have disseminated among horse populations globally and are harbored by , , , , and species. Conjugative plasmids, insertion sequences, and transposons are the backbone of genes in the isolates, which co-express genes conferring multi- to extensive-drug resistance, including genes encoding extended-spectrum β-lactamase, ampicillinase C, fosfomycin, and fluoroquinolone resistance, and virulence genes. The transmission of genes to/among bacterial strains of equine origin is non-clonal. Contact with horses, horse manure, feed/drinking water, farmers, farmers' clothing/farm equipment, the consumption of contaminated horse meat and its associated products, and the trading of horses, horse meat, and their associated products are routes for the transmission of -gene-bearing bacteria in, to, and from the equine industry.
可移动的黏菌素耐药（）基因（-1至-10）威胁着黏菌素（COL）的疗效，黏菌素是一种多粘菌素类抗生素，用作治疗人类和动物中由多重耐药和广泛耐药细菌引起的致命感染的最后一线药物。COL已在畜牧养殖中用于感染的预防性控制和治疗超过60年，但未用于马匹。多粘菌素B用于马匹感染的预防性控制和经验性治疗，且不进行药敏试验。缺乏药敏试验会对基因的获得产生选择压力。通过水平转移，-1、-5和-9已在全球马群中传播，并存在于、、、和物种中。接合质粒、插入序列和转座子是分离株中基因的骨干，这些基因共表达赋予多重至广泛耐药性的基因，包括编码超广谱β-内酰胺酶、AmpC型β-内酰胺酶、磷霉素和氟喹诺酮耐药性的基因以及毒力基因。基因在马源细菌菌株之间的传播是非克隆性的。与马、马粪、饲料/饮用水、农民、农民的衣物/农场设备接触，食用受污染的马肉及其相关产品，以及马匹、马肉及其相关产品的交易，是携带基因的细菌在马产业内、进入和离开马产业的传播途径。
