Pandey Anupam, Yuk Jisoo, Chang Brian, Fish Frank E, Jung Sunghwan
Biological & Environmental Engineering Department, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
Cambridge Design Partnership, Raleigh, NC 27603, USA.
Sci Adv. 2022 Jul 29;8(30):eabo5888. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.abo5888. Epub 2022 Jul 27.
In nature, many animals dive into water at high speeds, e.g., humans dive from cliffs, birds plunge, and aquatic animals porpoise and breach. Diving provides opportunities for animals to find prey and escape from predators and is a source of great excitement for humans. However, diving from high platforms can cause severe injuries to a diver. In this study, we demonstrate how similarity in the morphology of diving fronts unifies the slamming force across diving animals and humans. By measuring a time-averaged impulse that increases linearly with the impact height, we are able to estimate the unsteady hydrodynamic forces that an average human body experiences during the slamming phase of a feet-first, hand-first, or head-first dive. We evaluate whether the unsteady forces put the diver at risk of muscle or bone injuries for a particular diving height. Therefore, this study sheds light on a hydrodynamics-based protocol for safe high diving and an evolutionary driver for animal morphology.
在自然界中，许多动物会高速跃入水中，例如，人类从悬崖跳水，鸟类俯冲，水生动物跃身击浪和跃出水面。潜水为动物提供了寻找猎物和躲避捕食者的机会，同时也让人类感到极大的兴奋。然而，从高平台跳水可能会给潜水者造成严重伤害。在本研究中，我们展示了潜水前沿形态的相似性如何统一不同潜水动物和人类的撞击力。通过测量随撞击高度线性增加的时间平均冲量，我们能够估算出普通人在头先、手先或脚先入水的撞击阶段所经历的非定常水动力。我们评估了在特定跳水高度下，这种非定常力是否会使潜水者面临肌肉或骨骼受伤的风险。因此，本研究揭示了基于流体动力学的安全高台跳水方案以及动物形态的进化驱动因素。
