Department of Dermatology, Immunodermatology and Venereology, Medical University of Warsaw, Koszykowa 82a, 02-008 Warsaw, Poland.
Academy of Face Sculpting, Jana Kazimierza 11B, 01-248 Warsaw, Poland.
Int J Mol Sci. 2022 Jul 22;23(15):8088. doi: 10.3390/ijms23158088.
This paper discusses the mechanisms of drug resistance including: (1) introduction. (2) resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics, with particular emphasis on the genes found in the family, the structure and occurrence of SCC cassettes, as well as differences in the presence of some virulence genes and its expression in major epidemiological types and clones of HA-MRSA, CA-MRSA, and LA-MRSA strains. Other mechanisms of resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics will also be discussed, such as mutations in the gene, BORSA or MODSA phenotypes, as well as resistance to ceftobiprole and ceftaroline. (3) Resistance to glycopeptides (VRSA, VISA, hVISA strains, vancomycin tolerance). (4) Resistance to oxazolidinones (mutational and enzymatic resistance to linezolid). (5) Resistance to MLS-B (macrolides, lincosamides, ketolides, and streptogramin B). (6) Aminoglycosides and spectinomicin, including resistance genes, their regulation and localization (plasmids, transposons, class I integrons, SCC), and types and spectrum of enzymes that inactivate aminoglycosides. (7). Fluoroquinolones (8) Tetracyclines, including the mechanisms of active protection of the drug target site and active efflux of the drug from the bacterial cell. (9) Mupirocin. (10) Fusidic acid. (11) Daptomycin. (12) Resistance to other antibiotics and chemioterapeutics (e.g., streptogramins A, quinupristin/dalfopristin, chloramphenicol, rifampicin, fosfomycin, trimethoprim) (13) Molecular epidemiology of MRSA.
本文讨论了耐药机制，包括：（1）引言。（2）β-内酰胺类抗生素耐药性，特别强调了家族中发现的基因、SCC 盒的结构和发生，以及某些毒力基因的存在差异及其在主要流行病学类型和 HA-MRSA、CA-MRSA 和 LA-MRSA 菌株克隆中的表达。还将讨论其他β-内酰胺类抗生素耐药机制，如基因、BORSA 或 MODSA 表型的突变，以及对头孢洛林和头孢卡品的耐药性。（3）糖肽类耐药性（VRSA、VISA、hVISA 菌株、万古霉素耐药性）。（4）唑烷酮类耐药性（利奈唑胺的突变和酶耐药性）。（5）MLS-B 耐药性（大环内酯类、林可酰胺类、酮内酯类和链阳性菌素 B）。（6）氨基糖苷类和壮观霉素，包括耐药基因、它们的调控和定位（质粒、转座子、I 类整合子、SCC），以及失活氨基糖苷类的酶的类型和谱。（7）. 氟喹诺酮类（8）四环素类，包括药物靶位的主动保护和药物从细菌细胞的主动外排机制。（9）莫匹罗星。（10）夫西地酸。（11）达托霉素。（12）其他抗生素和化疗药物耐药性（例如，链阳性菌素 A、奎奴普丁/达福普汀、氯霉素、利福平、磷霉素、甲氧苄啶）（13）MRSA 的分子流行病学。
