Liu Yichen, Lu Hao, Hu Gaowei, Liu Jiaqi, Lian Siqi, Pang Shengmei, Zhu Guoqiang, Ding Xueyan
College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
Molecular Biology Laboratory, Zhengzhou Normal University, Zhengzhou 450044, China.
Microorganisms. 2025 Aug 18;13(8):1928. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms13081928.
Methicillin-resistant (MRSA), characterized by high-level β-lactam resistance and increasing multi-drug resistance, poses a severe and growing global threat to human health and public safety. This review examines MRSA's complex resistance mechanisms, including /-mediated expression of low-affinity PBP2a, regulatory roles of auxiliary genes like and , enzymatic inactivation by β-lactamases and modifying enzymes, efflux pump activity, and biofilm formation. We also systematically review novel therapeutic strategies, such as combination therapies, phage-derived biofilm disruptors, membrane-targeting silver nanoparticles, cell-penetrating antimicrobial peptides, colonization-competitive probiotics, and antibiotic-synergizing phytochemicals. These advances provide critical insights for developing effective countermeasures against MRSA, while highlighting the urgent need for global collaboration, antibiotic stewardship, and innovative drug development to combat antimicrobial resistance.
耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）具有高水平的β-内酰胺耐药性且多重耐药性不断增加，对人类健康和公共安全构成了严重且日益增长的全球威胁。本综述研究了MRSA复杂的耐药机制，包括低亲和力PBP2a的/-介导表达、辅助基因如和的调节作用、β-内酰胺酶和修饰酶的酶促失活、外排泵活性以及生物膜形成。我们还系统地综述了新型治疗策略，如联合疗法、噬菌体衍生的生物膜破坏剂、靶向膜的银纳米颗粒、细胞穿透抗菌肽、定植竞争益生菌以及抗生素增效植物化学物质。这些进展为制定针对MRSA的有效对策提供了关键见解，同时强调了全球合作、抗生素管理以及创新药物开发以对抗抗菌药物耐药性的迫切需求。
