Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
Department of Infectious Diseases, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
Front Immunol. 2022 Jul 13;13:914167. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.914167. eCollection 2022.
Our understanding of the immune responses that follow SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination has progressed considerably since the COVID-19 pandemic was first declared on the 11 of March in 2020. Recovery from infection is associated with the development of protective immune responses, although over time these become less effective against new emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants. Consequently, reinfection with SARS-CoV-2 variants is not infrequent and has contributed to the ongoing pandemic. COVID-19 vaccines have had a tremendous impact on reducing infection and particularly the number of deaths associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, waning of vaccine induced immunity plus the emergence of new variants has necessitated the use of boosters to maintain the benefits of vaccination in reducing COVID-19 associated deaths. Boosting is also beneficial for individuals who have recovered from COVID-19 and developed natural immunity, also enhancing responses immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 variants. This review summarizes our understanding of the immune responses that follow SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination, the risks of reinfection with emerging variants and the very important protective role vaccine boosting plays in both vaccinated and previously infected individuals.
自 2020 年 3 月 11 日首次宣布 COVID-19 大流行以来，我们对 SARS-CoV-2 感染和接种疫苗后免疫反应的理解已经有了很大的进展。从感染中恢复与保护性免疫反应的发展有关，尽管随着时间的推移，这些反应对新出现的 SARS-CoV-2 变体的有效性降低。因此，SARS-CoV-2 变体的再次感染并不罕见，并导致了持续的大流行。COVID-19 疫苗在减少感染，特别是与 SARS-CoV-2 感染相关的死亡人数方面产生了巨大影响。然而，疫苗诱导的免疫减弱加上新变体的出现，需要使用加强针来维持疫苗接种在减少 COVID-19 相关死亡方面的益处。加强针对从 COVID-19 中康复并产生自然免疫力的个体也有益，还增强了对 SARS-CoV-2 变体的免疫反应。这篇综述总结了我们对 SARS-CoV-2 感染和接种疫苗后免疫反应的理解，以及对新兴变体再次感染的风险，以及疫苗加强针在接种疫苗和已感染个体中的非常重要的保护作用。
