Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, State University of New York, PO Box 6000, Binghamton, NY, 13902-6000, USA.
Mem Cognit. 2023 Feb;51(2):473-485. doi: 10.3758/s13421-022-01352-9. Epub 2022 Aug 1.
Research using the Recognition Without Identification paradigm (Cleary & Greene, 2000, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 26[4], 1063-1069; Peynircioǧlu, 1990, Journal of Memory and Language, 29, 493-500) has found that participants can discriminate between old and new stimuli even when the stimuli are obscured to a degree that they are unidentifiable. This methodology has been adapted in the past by using heavily obscured threatening and nonthreatening images and asking participants to try to identify each image followed by a familiarity rating of the image. Past results showed that threatening images that were not able to be identified were rated as more familiar than nonthreatening images that were not able to be identified (Cleary et al., 2013, Memory & Cognition, 41, 989-999). The current study used a similar methodology to explore the possibility that a sense of familiarity can serve to guide our attention toward potential threats in the environment. However, contrary to earlier results, we found that positive images were rated as more familiar than negative images. This pattern was found with both identified and unidentified images and was replicated across five experiments. The current findings are consistent with the view that feelings of positivity and familiarity are closely linked (e.g., de Vries et al., 2010, Psychological Science, 21[3], 321-328; Garcia-Marques et al., 2004, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30, 585-593; Monin, 2003, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85[6], 1035-1048).
使用无识别再认范式（Cleary & Greene，2000，《实验心理学杂志：学习、记忆与认知》，26[4]，1063-1069；Peynircioğlu，1990，《记忆与语言》，29，493-500）的研究发现，即使刺激被严重模糊到无法识别的程度，参与者仍然可以区分新旧刺激。过去，这种方法学已经通过使用严重模糊的威胁和非威胁图像进行了调整，并要求参与者尝试识别每个图像，然后对图像进行熟悉度评分。过去的结果表明，无法识别的威胁图像的熟悉度评分高于无法识别的非威胁图像（Cleary 等人，2013，《记忆与认知》，41，989-999）。本研究采用类似的方法学来探索熟悉感是否可以引导我们注意环境中的潜在威胁。然而，与早期的结果相反，我们发现积极的图像比消极的图像被认为更熟悉。这种模式在识别和未识别的图像中都存在，并在五个实验中得到了复制。目前的研究结果与以下观点一致，即积极和熟悉的感觉是紧密联系的（例如，de Vries 等人，2010，《心理科学》，21[3]，321-328；Garcia-Marques 等人，2004，《人格与社会心理学公报》，30，585-593；Monin，2003，《人格与社会心理学杂志》，85[6]，1035-1048）。
