Mena-Tudela Desirée, Roman Pablo, González-Chordá Víctor M, Rodriguez-Arrastia Miguel, Gutiérrez-Cascajares Lourdes, Ropero-Padilla Carmen
Faculty of Health Sciences, Pre-Department of Nursing, Jaume I University, Castello de la Plana, Spain.
Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nursing Science, Physiotherapy and Medicine, University of Almeria, Almeria, Spain.
Women Birth. 2023 Mar;36(2):e219-e226. doi: 10.1016/j.wombi.2022.07.169. Epub 2022 Jul 31.
Obstetric violence appears to be a worldwide concern and is defined as a type of gender-based violence perpetrated by health professionals. This violence undermines and harms women's autonomy. In Spain, 38.3 % of women have identified themselves as victims of this type of violence.
To explore current information and knowledge about obstetric violence within the Spanish healthcare context, as well as to develop a theoretical model to explain the concept of obstetric violence, based on the experiences of healthcare professionals (midwives, registered nurses, gynaecologists and paediatricians) and nursing students.
A constructivist grounded theory study was conducted at Jaume I University in Spain between May and July 2021, including concurrent data collection and interpretation through constant comparison analysis. An inductive analysis was carried out using the ATLAS.ti 9.0 software to organise and analyse the data.
Twenty in-depth interviews were conducted, which revealed that healthcare professionals and students considered obstetric violence a violation of human rights and a serious public health issue. The interviews allowed them to describe certain characteristics and propose preventive strategies. Three main categories were identified from the data analysis: (i) characteristics of obstetric violence in the daily routine, (ii) defining the problem of obstetric violence and (iii) strategies for addressing obstetric violence. Participants identified obstetric violence as structural gender-based violence and emphasised the importance of understanding its characteristics. Our results indicate how participants' experiences influence their process of connecting new information to prior knowledge, and they provide a connection to specific micro- and macro-level strategic plans.
Despite the lack of consensus, this study resonates with the established principles of women and childbirth care, but also generates a new theoretical model for healthcare students and professionals to identify and manage obstetric violence based on contextual factors. The term 'obstetric violence' offers a distinct contribution to the growing awareness of violence against women, helps to regulate it through national policy and legislation, and involves both structural and interpersonal gender-based abuse, rather than assigning blame only to care providers.
Obstetric violence is the most accurate term to describe disrespect and mistreatment as forms of interpersonal and structural violence that contribute to gender and social inequality, and the definition of this term contributes to the ongoing awareness of violence against women, which may help to regulate it through national policy and legislation.
产科暴力似乎是一个全球关注的问题，被定义为卫生专业人员实施的一种基于性别的暴力。这种暴力损害并伤害了女性的自主权。在西班牙，38.3%的女性认为自己是这种暴力的受害者。
探讨西班牙医疗环境中关于产科暴力的现有信息和知识，并基于医疗专业人员（助产士、注册护士、妇科医生和儿科医生）以及护理专业学生的经历，构建一个理论模型来解释产科暴力的概念。
2021年5月至7月在西班牙胡米亚一世大学开展了一项建构主义扎根理论研究，包括通过持续比较分析进行同步数据收集和解读。使用ATLAS.ti 9.0软件进行归纳分析，以组织和分析数据。
进行了20次深入访谈，结果显示医疗专业人员和学生认为产科暴力是对人权的侵犯以及一个严重的公共卫生问题。这些访谈使他们能够描述某些特征并提出预防策略。通过数据分析确定了三个主要类别：（i）日常产科暴力的特征，（ii）界定产科暴力问题，（iii）应对产科暴力的策略。参与者将产科暴力视为结构性的基于性别的暴力，并强调了解其特征的重要性。我们的研究结果表明了参与者的经历如何影响他们将新信息与先前知识联系起来的过程，并且它们为特定的微观和宏观层面的战略计划提供了联系。
尽管缺乏共识，但本研究与既定的妇女和分娩护理原则相呼应，同时也为医疗专业学生和从业人员生成了一个新的理论模型，以便根据背景因素识别和管理产科暴力。“产科暴力”这一术语为提高对暴力侵害妇女行为的认识做出了独特贡献，有助于通过国家政策和立法对其进行规范，并且涉及结构性和人际间基于性别的虐待，而不是仅将责任归咎于护理提供者。
产科暴力是描述不尊重和虐待行为的最准确术语，这些行为构成了人际和结构性暴力，加剧了性别和社会不平等，该术语的定义有助于持续提高对暴力侵害妇女行为的认识，这可能有助于通过国家政策和立法对其进行规范。
