Molecular characterization and phylogenetic relationships among sp haplotypes in Makkah Al-Mukarramah Region-KSA.

The study aims at detecting and characterizing haplotypes of red palm weevil (RPW) sp. in the Western region of Saudi Arabia based on the cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene sequence. The results indicated the occurrence of 17 nucleotide substitutions, of which three were nonsynonymous (NS). These three NS substitutions resulted in the variation in amino acid sequence in three positions, out of 133. These amino acids are isoleucine/valine, glycine/serine, and arginine/histidine. Based on the chemical properties of the cytochrome oxidase (COX) enzyme, it is likely that the change at the first position has no effect, while changes at the other two positions can affect the chemical properties of the enzyme. At the three-dimensional (3D) level, the first two positions exist at the border or inside loop 3-4 of the enzyme, while the third position exists inside loop 4-5. These two loops influence the folding pattern of the enzyme, thus, likely affecting the function of the enzyme. However, it is unlikely that variations in the three positions will affect the binding ability of the heme group, which promotes the action of the COX enzyme in the electron transport chain. Variations in chemical properties and 3D structure of COX enzyme might be an evolutionary process (positive selection) that promotes in-time and in-site adaptation to the insect. In conclusion, this study can be helpful in pest management programs and in tracing RPW geographic spread and migration in Saudi Arabia.