Kinsey John S, Giannelli Robert, Howard Robert, Hoffman Brandon, Frazee Richard, Aldridge Michael, Leggett Cullen, Stevens Katherine, Kittelson David, Silvis William, Stevens Jeffrey, Lobo Prem, Achterberg Steven, Swanson Jacob, Thomson Kevin, McArthur Timothy, Hagen Donald, Trueblood Max, Wolff Lindsay, Liscinsky David, Arey Russell, Cerully Kate, Miake-Lye Richard, Onasch Timothy, Freedman Andrew, Bachalo William, Payne Gregory, Durlicki Mikal
Formerly U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA.
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Transportation and Air Quality, National Vehicle and Fuels Emissions Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA.
J Aerosol Sci. 2021 May;154:1-16. doi: 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2020.105734.
The SAE International has published Aerospace Information Report (AIR) 6241 which outlined the design and operation of a standardized measurement system for measuring non-volatile particulate matter (nvPM) mass and number emissions from commercial aircraft engines. Prior to this research, evaluation of this system by various investigators revealed differences in nvPM mass emissions measurement on the order of 15-30% both within a single sampling system and between two systems operating in parallel and measuring nvPM mass emissions from the same source. To investigate this issue, the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency in collaboration with the U. S. Air Force's Arnold Engineering Development Complex initiated the VAriable Response In Aircraft nvPM Testing (VARIAnT) research program to compare nvPM measurements within and between AIR-compliant sampling systems used for measuring combustion aerosols generated both by a 5201 Mini-CAST soot generator and a J85-GE-5 turbojet engine burning multiple fuels. The VARIAnT research program has conducted four test campaigns to date. The first campaign (VARIAnT 1) compared two essentially identical commercial versions of the sampling system while the second campaign (VARIAnT 2) compared a commercial system to the custom-designed Missouri University of Science and Technology's North American Reference System (NARS) built to the same specifications. Comparisons of nvPM particle mass (i.e., black carbon), number, and size were conducted in both campaigns. Additionally, the sensitivity to variation in system operational parameters was evaluated in VARIAnT 1. Results from both campaigns revealed agreement of about 12% between the two sampling systems, irrespective of manufacturer, in all aspects except for black carbon determination. The major source of measurement differences (20-70%) was due to low BC mass measurements made by the Artium Technologies LII-300 as compared to the AVL 483 Micro-Soot Sensor, the Aerodyne Cavity Attenuated Phase Shift (CAPS PM) monitor, and the thermal-optical reference method for elemental carbon (EC) determination, which was used as the BC reference.
美国汽车工程师协会（SAE International）发布了航空航天信息报告（AIR）6241，该报告概述了一种标准化测量系统的设计与运行，用于测量商用飞机发动机的非挥发性颗粒物（nvPM）质量和数量排放。在这项研究之前，不同研究人员对该系统的评估表明，在单个采样系统内以及两个并行运行且测量同一来源nvPM质量排放的系统之间，nvPM质量排放测量的差异在15%至30%之间。为了研究这个问题，美国环境保护局与美国空军阿诺德工程发展中心合作启动了飞机nvPM测试中的可变响应（VARIAnT）研究项目，以比较用于测量由5201小型CAST烟尘发生器和燃烧多种燃料的J85-GE-5涡轮喷气发动机产生的燃烧气溶胶的符合AIR标准的采样系统内部以及之间的nvPM测量结果。VARIAnT研究项目迄今为止已进行了四次测试活动。第一次活动（VARIAnT 1）比较了两个基本相同的商用版采样系统，而第二次活动（VARIAnT 2）将一个商用系统与按照相同规格定制设计的密苏里科技大学北美参考系统（NARS）进行了比较。在这两次活动中都对nvPM颗粒质量（即黑碳）、数量和尺寸进行了比较。此外，在VARIAnT 1中评估了系统运行参数变化的敏感性。两次活动的结果都表明，除黑碳测定外，两个采样系统在所有方面的一致性约为12%，与制造商无关。测量差异的主要来源（20%至70%）是由于与AVL 483微型烟尘传感器、Aerodyne腔衰荡相移（CAPS PM）监测仪以及用于元素碳（EC）测定的热光参考方法相比，Artium Technologies LII-300进行的低BC质量测量，热光参考方法被用作BC参考。
