State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.
School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.
Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2024;64(4):891-908. doi: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2110034. Epub 2022 Aug 11.
Dietary restriction (DR), including caloric restriction (CR), intermittent fasting (IF), and restriction of specific food compositions, can delay aging, and the main mechanisms include regulation of nutrient-sensing pathways and gut microbiota. However, the effects of DR regimens on longevity remain controversial, as some studies have demonstrated that IF, rather than CR or diet composition, influences longevity, while other studies have shown that the restricted-carbohydrate or -protein diets, rather than CR, determine health and longevity. Many factors, including DR-related factors (carbohydrate or protein composition, degree and duration of DR), and individual differences (health status, sex, genotype, and age of starting DR), would be used to explain the controversial anti-aging effects of DR, thus highlighting the necessity of precise DR intervention for anti-aging. Personalized DR intervention in humans is challenging because of the lack of accurate aging molecular biomarkers and vast individual variability. Using machine learning to build a predictive model based on the data set of clinical features, gut microbiome and metabolome, may be a good method to achieve precise DR intervention. Therefore, this review analyzed the anti-aging effects of various DR regimens, summarized their mechanisms and influencing factors, and proposed a future research direction for achieving personalized DR regimens for slowing aging.
饮食限制（DR），包括热量限制（CR）、间歇性禁食（IF）和限制特定食物成分，可以延缓衰老，主要机制包括调节营养感应途径和肠道微生物群。然而，DR 方案对长寿的影响仍存在争议，一些研究表明 IF 而不是 CR 或饮食成分影响长寿，而其他研究表明限制碳水化合物或蛋白质的饮食，而不是 CR，决定健康和长寿。许多因素，包括与 DR 相关的因素（碳水化合物或蛋白质组成、DR 的程度和持续时间）和个体差异（健康状况、性别、基因型和开始 DR 的年龄），将用于解释 DR 对衰老的有争议的抗衰老作用，从而强调精确 DR 干预抗衰老的必要性。由于缺乏准确的衰老分子生物标志物和巨大的个体变异性，人类的个性化 DR 干预具有挑战性。使用机器学习根据临床特征、肠道微生物组和代谢组数据集构建预测模型，可能是实现精确 DR 干预的好方法。因此，本综述分析了各种 DR 方案的抗衰老作用，总结了它们的机制和影响因素，并提出了实现减缓衰老的个性化 DR 方案的未来研究方向。
