Department of Health Psychology, Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Neurological Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.
Department of Health Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Health Psychology, Health Psychology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
Handb Clin Neurol. 2022;188:357-372. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-323-91534-2.00015-1.
Breathing is a critical, complex, and highly integrated behavior. Normal rhythmic breathing, also referred to as eupnea, is interspersed with different breathing related behaviors. Sighing is one of such behaviors, essential for maintaining effective gas exchange by preventing the gradual collapse of alveoli in the lungs, known as atelectasis. Critical for the generation of both sighing and eupneic breathing is a region of the medulla known as the preBötzinger Complex (preBötC). Efforts are underway to identify the cellular pathways that link sighing as well as sneezing, yawning, and hiccupping with other brain regions to better understand how they are integrated and regulated in the context of other behaviors including chemosensation, olfaction, and cognition. Unraveling these interactions may provide important insights into the diverse roles of these behaviors in the initiation of arousal, stimulation of vigilance, and the relay of certain behavioral states. This chapter focuses primarily on the function of the sigh, how it is locally generated within the preBötC, and what the functional implications are for a potential link between sighing and cognitive regulation. Furthermore, we discuss recent insights gained into the pathways and mechanisms that control yawning, sneezing, and hiccupping.
呼吸是一种关键、复杂且高度整合的行为。正常有节奏的呼吸，也称为平稳呼吸，会间歇出现不同的与呼吸相关的行为。叹气就是其中之一，它通过防止肺部肺泡逐渐塌陷（称为肺不张）来维持有效的气体交换，这一点很重要。无论是叹气还是平稳呼吸的产生，都离不开被称为 PreBötzinger 复合体（preBötC）的延髓区域。目前正在努力确定将叹气以及打喷嚏、打哈欠和打嗝与其他大脑区域联系起来的细胞途径，以更好地了解它们在包括化学感觉、嗅觉和认知在内的其他行为中的整合和调节方式。揭示这些相互作用可能为这些行为在唤醒启动、警觉刺激以及某些行为状态传递中的不同作用提供重要的见解。本章主要关注叹气的功能，它如何在 preBötC 内局部产生，以及叹气与认知调节之间可能存在联系的功能意义。此外，我们还讨论了最近在控制打哈欠、打喷嚏和打嗝的途径和机制方面获得的新见解。
