Too much tolerance for hyperoxemia in mechanically ventilated patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia? Report from an Italian intensive care unit.

BACKGROUND

In COVID-19 patients requiring mechanical ventilation, the administration of high oxygen (O) doses for prolonged time periods may be necessary. Although life-saving in most cases, O may exert deleterious effects if administered in excessive concentrations. We aimed to describe the prevalence of hyperoxemia and excessive O administration in mechanically ventilated patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia and determine whether hyperoxemia is associated with mortality in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) or the onset of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Retrospective single-center study on adult patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia requiring invasive mechanical ventilation for ≥48 h. Patients undergoing extracorporeal respiratory support were excluded. We calculated the excess O administered based on the ideal arterial O tension (PaO) target of 55-80 mmHg. We defined hyperoxemia as PaO > 100 mmHg and hyperoxia + hyperoxemia as an inspired O fraction (FiO) > 60% + PaO > 100 mmHg. Risk factors for ICU-mortality and VAP were assessed through multivariate analyses.

RESULTS

One hundred thirty-four patients were included. For each day of mechanical ventilation, each patient received a median excess O of 1,121 [829-1,449] L. Hyperoxemia was found in 38 [27-55]% of arterial blood gases, hyperoxia + hyperoxemia in 11 [5-18]% of cases. The FiO was not reduced in 69 [62-76]% of cases of hyperoxemia. Adjustments were made more frequently with higher PaO or initial FiO levels. ICU-mortality was 32%. VAP was diagnosed in 48.5% of patients. Hyperoxemia (OR 1.300 95% CI [1.097-1.542]), time of exposure to hyperoxemia (OR 2.758 [1.406-5.411]), hyperoxia + hyperoxemia (OR 1.144 [1.008-1.298]), and daily excess O (OR 1.003 [1.001-1.005]) were associated with higher risk for ICU-mortality, independently of age, Sequential Organ failure Assessment score at ICU-admission and mean PaO/FiO. Hyperoxemia (OR 1.033 [1.006-1.061]), time of exposure to hyperoxemia (OR 1.108 [1.018-1.206]), hyperoxia + hyperoxemia (OR 1.038 [1.003-1.075]), and daily excess O (OR 1.001 [1.000-1.001]) were identified as risk factors for VAP, independently of body mass index, blood transfusions, days of neuromuscular blocking agents (before VAP), prolonged prone positioning and mean PaO/FiO before VAP.

CONCLUSION

Excess O administration and hyperoxemia were common in mechanically ventilated patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia. The exposure to hyperoxemia may be associated with ICU-mortality and greater risk for VAP.