Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States.
Emerge, Emerging Diseases and Climate Change Research Unit, School of Public Health and Administration, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.
Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2022 Aug 15;107(4):881-892. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.22-0098. Print 2022 Oct 12.
Chemical and microbiological drinking water contaminants pose risks to child health but are not often evaluated concurrently. At two consecutive visits to 96 households in Piura, Peru, we collected drinking water samples, administered health and exposure questionnaires, and collected infant stool samples. Standard methods were used to quantify heavy metals/metalloids, pesticides, and Escherichia coli concentrations in water samples. Stool samples were assayed for bacterial, viral, and parasitic enteropathogens. The primary drinking water source was indoor piped water for 70 of 96 households (73%); 36 households (38%) stored drinking water from the primary source in containers in the home. We found high prevalence of chemical and microbiological contaminants in household drinking water samples: arsenic was detected in 50% of 96 samples, ≥ 1 pesticide was detected in 65% of 92 samples, and E. coli was detected in 37% of 319 samples. Drinking water samples that had been stored in containers had higher odds of E. coli detection (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 4.50; 95% CI: 2.04-9.95) and pesticide detection (OR: 6.55; 95% CI: 2.05-21.0) compared with samples collected directly from a tap. Most infants (68%) had ≥ 1 enteropathogen detected in their stool. Higher odds of enteropathogen infection at the second visit were observed among infants from households where pesticides were detected in drinking water at the first visit (aOR: 2.93; 95% CI: 1.13-7.61). Results show concurrent risks of exposure to microbiological and chemical contaminants in drinking water in a low-income setting, despite high access to piped drinking water.
饮用水中的化学和微生物污染物会对儿童健康造成威胁，但往往不会同时进行评估。在秘鲁皮乌拉的 96 户家庭中连续两次访问期间，我们收集了饮用水样本、进行了健康和暴露问卷调查，并收集了婴儿粪便样本。使用标准方法来量化水中重金属/类金属、农药和大肠杆菌的浓度。对粪便样本进行了细菌、病毒和寄生虫肠道病原体检测。主要饮用水源是 96 户家庭中的 70 户（73%）的室内管道水；36 户家庭（38%）将来自主要水源的饮用水储存在家中的容器中。我们发现家庭饮用水样本中存在高浓度的化学和微生物污染物：96 个样本中有 50%检测到砷，92 个样本中有 65%检测到至少 1 种农药，319 个样本中有 37%检测到大肠杆菌。与直接从水龙头采集的样本相比，储存在容器中的饮用水样本中大肠杆菌（调整后的优势比[aOR]：4.50；95%CI：2.04-9.95）和农药（OR：6.55；95%CI：2.05-21.0）的检出率更高。大多数婴儿（68%）的粪便中检测到≥1 种肠道病原体。与第一次访问时饮用水中检测到农药的家庭相比，第二次访问时婴儿肠道病原体感染的几率更高（aOR：2.93；95%CI：1.13-7.61）。结果表明，尽管有很高的机会获得管道饮用水，但在低收入环境中，饮用水中同时存在微生物和化学污染物的风险。
