Department of Sport Science, Clifton Campus, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom.
Department of Sport Science, Clifton Campus, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom.
Physiol Behav. 2022 Oct 15;255:113944. doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.113944. Epub 2022 Aug 13.
High trait self-control is associated with greater tolerance of unpleasant sensations including effort and pain. Dyspnoea and pain have several commonalities and this study aimed to investigate for the first time whether trait self-control influences responses to a hypercapnic rebreathing challenge designed to induce dyspnoea. As sex also influences tolerance to dyspnoea, we also sought to investigate whether this moderated the role of trait self-control.
Participants (n = 65, 32 females) scoring high or low for trait self-control, performed a standardised rebreathing challenge, in which inspired carbon dioxide (CO) gradually increased over a period of 6 min or until an intolerable level of dyspnoea. Air hunger (AH) intensity - a distinctive quality of dyspnoea, was measured every 30 s. The multidimensional dyspnoea profile (MDP) was completed after the rebreathing challenge for a more complete overview of breathing discomfort.
Males high in trait self-control (SCHIGH) (302 ± 42 s), tolerated the rebreathing challenge for longer than males low in self-control (SCLOW) (252 ± 66 s, P = 0.021), experienced slower increases in AH intensity during the rebreathing challenge (0.03 ± 0.01 cms vs. 0.04 ± 0.01 cms P = 0.045) and reported lower perceived mental effort on the MDP (4.94 ± 2.46 vs. 7.06 ± 1.60, P = 0.007). There was no difference between SCHIGH and SCLOW females for challenge duration. However, SCHIGH females (9.29 ± 0.66 cm) reported greater air hunger at the end of the challenge than SCLOW females (7.75 ± 1.75 cm, P = 0.003). It is possible that SCLOW females were unwilling to tolerate the same perceptual intensity of AH as the SCHIGH females.
These results indicate that individuals high in trait self-control are more tolerant of dyspnoea during a CO rebreathing challenge than low self-control individuals. Tolerance of the stimulus was moderated by the sex of the participant, presenting an interesting opportunity for future research.
高特质自我控制与更大的忍受不愉快感觉的能力有关，包括努力和疼痛。呼吸困难和疼痛有几个共同之处，本研究首次旨在探讨特质自我控制是否会影响到设计用来引起呼吸困难的再呼吸挑战的反应。由于性别也会影响对呼吸困难的耐受性，我们还试图探讨这种作用是否受到特质自我控制的调节。
参与者（n=65，女性 32 名）根据特质自我控制得分高低分为高特质自我控制（SCHIGH）和低特质自我控制（SCLOW）组，进行标准化再呼吸挑战，在此过程中，吸入的二氧化碳（CO）逐渐增加 6 分钟或直至达到无法忍受的呼吸困难水平。每 30 秒测量一次空气饥饿（AH）强度，这是呼吸困难的一个独特特征。再呼吸挑战后，使用多维呼吸困难量表（MDP）完成评估，以更全面地了解呼吸不适。
男性中特质自我控制高（SCHIGH）（302±42 秒）比自我控制低（SCLOW）（252±66 秒，P=0.021）的男性能忍受再呼吸挑战的时间更长，在再呼吸挑战过程中 AH 强度增加更慢（0.03±0.01cms 与 0.04±0.01cms，P=0.045），并在 MDP 上报告的感知心理努力更低（4.94±2.46 与 7.06±1.60，P=0.007）。SCHIGH 和 SCLOW 女性在挑战持续时间上没有差异。然而，SCHIGH 女性（9.29±0.66cm）在挑战结束时报告的空气饥饿感大于 SCLOW 女性（7.75±1.75cm，P=0.003）。SCLOW 女性可能不愿意忍受与 SCHIGH 女性相同的感知强度的 AH。
这些结果表明，特质自我控制高的个体在 CO 再呼吸挑战中比自我控制低的个体更能耐受呼吸困难。参与者的性别调节了对刺激的耐受性，这为未来的研究提供了一个有趣的机会。
