Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, PR China; Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, PR China; Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases, Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, PR China.
Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, PR China; Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases, Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, PR China.
J Control Release. 2022 Oct;350:107-121. doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.08.020. Epub 2022 Aug 17.
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a joint-related autoimmune disease that is difficult to cure. Most therapeutics act to alleviate the symptoms but not correct the causes of RA. Novel strategies that specifically target the causes are highly needed for RA management. Currently, early interruption of RA is increasingly suggested but the corresponding therapeutics are not available. Vaccines that have shown great success to combat infection, cancer, degenerative diseases, autoimmune diseases, etc. are ideal candidates for a new generation of anti-RA therapeutics to correct the causes and prevent RA or interrupt RA in early phases. Anti-RA vaccines can be divided into two major categories. One is to induce neutralizing antibodies and the other is to induce antigen-specific immune tolerance. The vaccines are inherently linked to nanotechnology because they usually need a biomacromolecule or carrier to provoke sufficient immune responses. In the past decade, designed nanocarriers such as nanoparticles, liposomes, nanoemulsion, etc., have been applied to optimize the vaccines for autoimmune disease treatment. Nanotechnology endows vaccines with a higher biostability, tunable in vivo behavior, better targeting, co-delivery with stimulatory agents, regulatory effects on immune responses, etc. In this review, unmet medical needs for RA treatment and anti-RA vaccinology are first introduced. The development of anti-RA therapies from vaccines to nanovaccines are then reviewed and perspectives on how nanotechnology promotes vaccine development and advancement are finally provided. In addition, challenges for anti-RA vaccine development are summarized and advantages of nanovaccines are analyzed. In conclusion, nanovaccines will be a promising strategy to revolutionize the treatment of RA by correcting the causes in an early phase of RA.
类风湿关节炎（RA）是一种难以治愈的关节相关自身免疫性疾病。大多数治疗方法都能缓解症状，但不能纠正 RA 的病因。因此，迫切需要针对病因的新策略来治疗 RA。目前，越来越多的人建议早期干预 RA，但相应的治疗方法还没有出现。疫苗在对抗感染、癌症、退行性疾病、自身免疫性疾病等方面取得了巨大成功，是治疗 RA 的新一代理想候选药物，可以纠正病因，预防或早期阻断 RA。抗 RA 疫苗可分为两大类，一类是诱导中和抗体，另一类是诱导抗原特异性免疫耐受。由于疫苗通常需要生物大分子或载体来引发足够的免疫反应，因此与纳米技术有着天然的联系。在过去的十年中，设计的纳米载体如纳米粒子、脂质体、纳米乳液等已被应用于优化治疗自身免疫性疾病的疫苗。纳米技术赋予疫苗更高的生物稳定性、可调节的体内行为、更好的靶向性、与刺激剂的共递药、对免疫反应的调节作用等。在这篇综述中，首先介绍了 RA 治疗中未满足的医疗需求和抗 RA 疫苗学的发展。然后，回顾了从疫苗到纳米疫苗的抗 RA 治疗的发展，并提供了纳米技术如何促进疫苗的开发和进展的观点。此外，还总结了抗 RA 疫苗开发的挑战，并分析了纳米疫苗的优势。总之，纳米疫苗将是一种很有前途的策略，可以通过早期纠正病因来彻底改变 RA 的治疗。
