Department of Pharmaceutics, Rajiv Academy for Pharmacy, NH-2, Mathura-Delhi Road, P.O Chhatikara, Mathura, 281001, Uttar Pradesh, India.
Curr Pharm Biotechnol. 2024;25(11):1406-1418. doi: 10.2174/0113892010254221231006100659.
There are several vaccines available for preventing various bacterial and viral infections, but still, there are many challenges that require the development of noninvasive, more efficient, and active vaccines. The advancement in biotechnological tools has provided safer antigens, such as nucleic acids, proteins etc., but due to their lower immunogenic property, adjuvants of stronger immune response are required. Nanovaccines are effective vaccines when compared with conventional vaccines as they can induce both Humoral and cell-mediated immune responses and also provide longer immunogenic memory. The nanocarriers used in vaccines act as adjuvant. They provide site-specific delivery of antigens and can be used in conjugation with immunostimulatory molecules for enhancing adjuvant therapy. The nanovaccines avoid degrading cell pathways and provide effective absorption into blood vessels. The higher potential of nanovaccines to treat various diseases, such as acquired immuno deficiency syndrome, cancer, tuberculosis, malaria and many others, along with their immunological mechanisms and different types, have been discussed in the review.
有几种疫苗可用于预防各种细菌和病毒感染，但仍有许多挑战需要开发非侵入性、更有效和更积极的疫苗。生物技术工具的进步提供了更安全的抗原，如核酸、蛋白质等，但由于其免疫原性较低，需要更强免疫反应的佐剂。与传统疫苗相比，纳米疫苗是有效的疫苗，因为它们可以诱导体液和细胞介导的免疫反应，并提供更长的免疫记忆。疫苗中使用的纳米载体作为佐剂。它们提供抗原的靶向递送，并可与免疫刺激分子结合使用，以增强佐剂治疗。纳米疫苗可避免降解细胞途径，并有效吸收到血管中。纳米疫苗在治疗艾滋病、癌症、结核病、疟疾等多种疾病方面具有更高的潜力，本文综述了它们的免疫机制和不同类型。
