Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (GADVASU), Rampura Phul, Bathinda 151103, Punjab, India.
Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Zarqa University, Al-Zarqa 13132, Jordan.
Biomed Pharmacother. 2023 Nov;167:115597. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115597. Epub 2023 Sep 30.
The field of nanotechnology has revolutionised global attempts to prevent, treat, and eradicate infectious diseases in the foreseen future. Nanovaccines have proven to be a valuable pawn in this novel technology. Nanovaccines are made up of nanoparticles that are associated with or prepared with components that can stimulate the host's immune system. In addition to their delivery capabilities, the nanocarriers have been demonstrated to possess intrinsic adjuvant properties, working as immune cell stimulators. Thus, nanovaccines have the potential to promote rapid as well as long-lasting humoral and cellular immunity. The nanovaccines have several possible benefits, including site-specific antigen delivery, increased antigen bioavailability, and a diminished adverse effect profile. To avail these benefits, several nanoparticle-based vaccines are being developed, including virus-like particles, liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, nanogels, lipid nanoparticles, emulsion vaccines, exomes, and inorganic nanoparticles. Inspired by their distinctive properties, researchers are working on the development of nanovaccines for a variety of applications, such as cancer immunotherapy and infectious diseases. Although a few challenges still need to be overcome, such as modulation of the nanoparticle pharmacokinetics to avoid rapid elimination from the bloodstream by the reticuloendothelial system, The future prospects of this technology are also assuring, with multiple options such as personalised vaccines, needle-free formulations, and combination nanovaccines with several promising candidates.
纳米技术领域在未来全球预防、治疗和消灭传染病的努力中带来了革命性的变化。纳米疫苗已被证明是这项新技术中的一个有价值的棋子。纳米疫苗由与能刺激宿主免疫系统的成分相关或用这些成分制备的纳米颗粒组成。除了它们的传递能力外，纳米载体还被证明具有内在的佐剂特性，可作为免疫细胞的刺激物。因此，纳米疫苗有可能促进快速和持久的体液和细胞免疫。纳米疫苗有几个潜在的好处，包括靶向抗原传递、增加抗原生物利用度和减少不良反应谱。为了利用这些好处，正在开发几种基于纳米颗粒的疫苗，包括病毒样颗粒、脂质体、聚合物纳米颗粒、纳米凝胶、脂质纳米颗粒、乳剂疫苗、外显子和无机纳米颗粒。受其独特性质的启发，研究人员正在致力于开发用于各种应用的纳米疫苗，如癌症免疫疗法和传染病。尽管仍需要克服一些挑战，如调节纳米颗粒的药代动力学以避免网状内皮系统从血液中迅速清除，但该技术的未来前景也很有希望，有多种选择，如个性化疫苗、无针制剂以及与几个有前途的候选物联合的纳米疫苗。
