在 COVID-19 大流行期间，心理社会因素在解释重度抑郁症和广泛性焦虑症的性别差异中的作用。
The role of psychosocial factors in explaining sex differences in major depression and generalized anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic.
机构信息
Trinity Centre for Global Health, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland.
School of Psychology, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland.
出版信息
BMC Public Health. 2022 Aug 17;22(1):1563. doi: 10.1186/s12889-022-13954-8.
BACKGROUND
Understanding how pandemics differentially impact on the socio-protective and psychological outcomes of males and females is important to develop more equitable public health policies. We assessed whether males and females differed on measures of major depression and generalized anxiety during the COVID-19 the pandemic, and if so, which sociodemographic, pandemic, and psychological variables may affect sex differences in depression and anxiety.
METHODS
Participants were a nationally representative sample of Irish adults (N = 1,032) assessed between April 30 to May 19, 2020, during Ireland's first COVID-19 nationwide quarantine. Participants completed self-report measures of anxiety (GAD-7) and depression (PHQ-9), as well as 23 sociodemographic pandemic-related, and psychological variables. Sex differences on measures of depression and anxiety were assessed using binary logistic regression analysis and differences in sociodemographic, pandemic, and psychological variables assessed using chi-square tests of independence and independent samples t-tests.
RESULTS
Females were significantly more likely than males to screen positive for major depressive disorder (30.6% vs. 20.7%; χ (1) = 13.26, p < .001, OR = 1.69 [95% CI = 1.27, 2.25]), and generalised anxiety disorder (23.3% vs. 14.4%; χ (1) = 13.42, p < .001, OR = 1.81 [95% CI = 1.31, 2.49]). When adjusted for all other sex-varying covariates however, sex was no longer significantly associated with screening positive for depression (AOR = 0.80, 95% CI = 0.51, 1.25) or GAD (AOR = 0.97, 95% CI = 0.60, 1.57).
CONCLUSION
Observed sex-differences in depression and anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland are best explained by psychosocial factors of COVID-19 related anxiety, trait neuroticism, lower sleep quality, higher levels of loneliness, greater somatic problems, and, in the case of depression, increases in childcaring responsibilities and lower trait consciousnesses. Implications of these findings for public health policy and interventions are discussed.
背景
了解大流行如何对男性和女性的社会保护和心理结果产生不同影响，对于制定更公平的公共卫生政策至关重要。我们评估了在 COVID-19 大流行期间，男性和女性在重度抑郁症和广泛性焦虑症的测量指标上是否存在差异，如果存在差异，哪些社会人口统计学、大流行和心理变量可能会影响抑郁和焦虑的性别差异。
方法
参与者是爱尔兰全国代表性成年人样本（N=1032），于 2020 年 4 月 30 日至 5 月 19 日期间在爱尔兰首次全国性隔离期间进行评估。参与者完成了焦虑症（GAD-7）和抑郁症（PHQ-9）的自我报告测量，以及 23 项社会人口统计学、大流行相关和心理变量。使用二元逻辑回归分析评估抑郁和焦虑测量指标上的性别差异，使用独立性卡方检验和独立样本 t 检验评估社会人口统计学、大流行和心理变量上的差异。
结果
与男性相比，女性更有可能出现重度抑郁症（30.6%对 20.7%；χ(1)=13.26，p<0.001，OR=1.69[95%CI=1.27，2.25]）和广泛性焦虑症（23.3%对 14.4%；χ(1)=13.42，p<0.001，OR=1.81[95%CI=1.31，2.49]）。然而，当调整所有其他性别变化的协变量后，性别与筛查阳性不再显著相关（抑郁 AOR=0.80，95%CI=0.51，1.25；GAD AOR=0.97，95%CI=0.60，1.57）。
结论
在爱尔兰共和国 COVID-19 大流行期间观察到的抑郁和焦虑性别差异，最好通过与 COVID-19 相关焦虑、特质神经质、睡眠质量下降、孤独感增加、更多躯体问题相关的社会心理因素来解释，在抑郁的情况下，还与增加育儿责任和降低特质意识有关。讨论了这些发现对公共卫生政策和干预措施的影响。
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