Biomedical and Mobile Health Technology (BMHT) lab, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, 8008, Switzerland.
Adv Sci (Weinh). 2022 Oct;9(29):e2203690. doi: 10.1002/advs.202203690. Epub 2022 Aug 18.
Many healthcare and environmental monitoring devices use electrochemical techniques to detect and quantify analytes. With sensors progressively becoming smaller-particularly in point-of-care (POC) devices and wearable platforms-it creates the opportunity to operate them using less energy than their predecessors. In fact, they may require so little power that can be extracted from the analyzed fluids themselves, for example, blood or sweat in case of physiological sensors and sources like river water in the case of environmental monitoring. Self-powered electrochemical sensors (SPES) can generate a response by utilizing the available chemical species in the analyzed liquid sample. Though SPESs generate relatively low power, capable devices can be engineered by combining suitable reactions, miniaturized cell designs, and effective sensing approaches for deciphering analyte information. This review details various such sensing and engineering approaches adopted in different categories of SPES systems that solely use the power available in liquid sample for their operation. Specifically, the categories discussed in this review cover enzyme-based systems, battery-based systems, and ion-selective electrode-based systems. The review details the benefits and drawbacks with these approaches, as well as prospects of and challenges to accomplishing them.
许多医疗保健和环境监测设备都使用电化学技术来检测和定量分析物。随着传感器逐渐变得更小——特别是在即时检测（POC）设备和可穿戴平台中——这为使用比前代产品更少的能量来操作它们创造了机会。事实上，它们可能只需要很少的能量，这些能量可以从被分析的流体本身中提取，例如，在生理传感器的情况下，从血液或汗液中提取，在环境监测的情况下，从河水等来源中提取。自供电电化学传感器（SPES）可以通过利用分析液体样品中可用的化学物质来产生响应。尽管 SPES 产生的功率相对较低，但通过组合合适的反应、小型化的电池设计和有效的传感方法来破译分析物信息，可以设计出高性能的器件。这篇综述详细介绍了不同类别 SPES 系统中采用的各种传感和工程方法，这些系统仅依靠液体样品中提供的能量进行操作。具体来说，本综述中讨论的类别包括基于酶的系统、基于电池的系统和基于离子选择性电极的系统。综述详细介绍了这些方法的优缺点，以及实现这些方法的前景和挑战。
