Bokhari Akram A, Aldarwish Hadi A, Alsanea Saleh A, Al-Tufaif Mohammed A, Alghaslan Sulaiman A, Alghassab Ali A, Alshammari Basil B, Al-Tufaif Ali A
Urology, University of Hail College of Medicine, Hail, SAU.
Medicine and Surgery, University of Hail College of Medicine, Hail, SAU.
Cureus. 2022 Jul 18;14(7):e26983. doi: 10.7759/cureus.26983. eCollection 2022 Jul.
Background Urolithiasis is the formation of calculi in the urinary system. It is a public health concern worldwide that can lead to serious long-term consequences. Age, gender, dietary habits, and physical activity levels are all factors that increase the risk of urolithiasis formation. Furthermore, the presence of comorbid medical conditions such as diabetes and hypertension are other major risk factors. Among the most prominent determinants that raise the likelihood of acquiring urolithiasis is exposure to high temperatures, especially in middle-aged men. Consequently, Saudi residents are two and a half times more prone than the global average to develop urolithiasis, especially those in the Kingdom's hottest regions. Methodology This cross-sectional study assessed the self-reported prevalence and non-nutritional risk factors of urolithiasis among the population of Hail, Saudi Arabia, through an electronic questionnaire. The questionnaire contained 16 questions divided into three categories. Participants' permission was obtained before completing the questionnaire. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA) was used to analyze the data. Results Of the 1150 participants with a mean age of 26.3 ± 12.8 years old, nearly half were males (50.9%). Urolithiasis was detected among 158 (13.7%) participants. The following factors showed significant relation with having urolithiasis: increased age, male gender, a low level of education, diabetes, hypertension, and hyperthyroidism. A family history of renal stones was also associated with double the risk of having urolithiasis. Conclusion The results showed a high prevalence of urolithiasis in the Hail region, with many risk factors associated with it. It is important to support and promote awareness campaigns that address the critical risk factors of urolithiasis. Further studies should be conducted to arrive at a better understanding of the association between non-nutritional risk factors and developing urolithiasis.
尿路结石是泌尿系统中结石的形成。它是一个全球范围内的公共卫生问题，可能导致严重的长期后果。年龄、性别、饮食习惯和身体活动水平都是增加尿路结石形成风险的因素。此外，糖尿病和高血压等合并症的存在是其他主要风险因素。导致患尿路结石可能性增加的最显著决定因素之一是暴露于高温环境，尤其是中年男性。因此，沙特居民患尿路结石的可能性是全球平均水平的2.5倍，尤其是沙特王国最热地区的居民。
本横断面研究通过电子问卷评估了沙特阿拉伯哈伊勒地区人群中尿路结石的自我报告患病率和非营养风险因素。问卷包含16个问题，分为三类。在完成问卷之前获得了参与者的许可。使用社会科学统计软件包（SPSS）22版（美国纽约州阿蒙克市IBM公司）分析数据。
在1150名平均年龄为26.3±12.8岁的参与者中，近一半为男性（50.9%）。158名（13.7%）参与者被检测出患有尿路结石。以下因素与患尿路结石有显著关系：年龄增加、男性性别、低教育水平、糖尿病、高血压和甲状腺功能亢进。肾结石家族史也使患尿路结石的风险增加一倍。
结果显示哈伊勒地区尿路结石患病率很高，且与之相关的风险因素众多。支持和推广针对尿路结石关键风险因素的宣传活动很重要。应开展进一步研究，以更好地了解非营养风险因素与尿路结石发生之间的关联。
