Chakachaka Vimbainashe, Tshangana Charmaine, Mahlangu Oranso, Mamba Bhekie, Muleja Adolph
Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Florida, Johannesburg 1709, South Africa.
Membranes (Basel). 2022 Jul 29;12(8):745. doi: 10.3390/membranes12080745.
Photocatalytic membrane reactors (PMRs) are a promising technology for wastewater reclamation. The principles of PMRs are based on photocatalytic degradation and membrane rejection, the different processes occurring simultaneously. Coupled photocatalysis and membrane filtration has made PMRs suitable for application in the removal of emerging contaminants (ECs), such as diclofenac, carbamazepine, ibuprofen, lincomycin, diphenhydramine, rhodamine, and tamoxifen, from wastewater, while reducing the likelihood of byproducts being present in the permeate stream. The viability of PMRs depends on the hypotheses used during design and the kinetic properties of the systems. The choice of design models and the assumptions made in their application can have an impact on reactor design outcomes. A design's resilience is due to the development of a mathematical model that links material and mass balances to various sub-models, including the fluid dynamic model, the radiation emission model, the radiation absorption model, and the kinetic model. Hence, this review addresses the discrepancies with traditional kinetic models, fluid flow dynamics, and radiation emission and absorption, all of which have an impact on upscaling and reactor design. Computational and analytical descriptions of how to develop a PMR system with high throughput, performance, and energy efficiency are provided. The potential solutions are classified according to the catalyst, fluid dynamics, thickness, geometry, and light source used. Two main PMR types are comprehensively described, and a discussion of various influential factors relating to PMRs was used as a premise for developing an ideal reactor. The aim of this work was to resolve potential divergences that occur during PMRs design as most real reactors do not conform to the idealized fluid dynamics. Lastly, the application of PMRs is evaluated, not only in relation to the removal of endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) from wastewater, but also in dye, oil, heavy metals, and pesticide removal.
光催化膜反应器（PMR）是一种很有前景的废水回收技术。PMR的原理基于光催化降解和膜截留，这两种不同的过程同时发生。光催化与膜过滤相结合使得PMR适用于去除废水中的新兴污染物（EC），如双氯芬酸、卡马西平、布洛芬、林可霉素、苯海拉明、罗丹明和他莫昔芬，同时降低渗透物流中产生副产物的可能性。PMR的可行性取决于设计过程中所采用的假设以及系统的动力学特性。设计模型的选择及其应用中所做的假设会对反应器设计结果产生影响。一种设计的弹性源于开发了一个数学模型，该模型将物料和质量平衡与各种子模型联系起来，包括流体动力学模型、辐射发射模型、辐射吸收模型和动力学模型。因此，本综述探讨了与传统动力学模型、流体流动动力学以及辐射发射和吸收相关的差异，所有这些都会对放大和反应器设计产生影响。本文提供了关于如何开发具有高通量、高性能和能源效率的PMR系统的计算和分析描述。潜在的解决方案根据所使用的催化剂、流体动力学、厚度、几何形状和光源进行分类。全面描述了两种主要的PMR类型，并以讨论与PMR相关的各种影响因素为前提来开发理想的反应器。这项工作的目的是解决PMR设计过程中出现的潜在分歧，因为大多数实际反应器并不符合理想化的流体动力学。最后，对PMR的应用进行了评估，不仅涉及从废水中去除内分泌干扰化合物（EDC），还涉及去除染料、油、重金属和农药。
